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. 2020 Nov 11;10:19596. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76496-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Assessment of Ca²⁺ handling on isolated cells. Panel (a) shows identical current–voltage relationship of L-type Ca²⁺ current between groups. Panel (b) illustrates significantly larger inward current as a response of 10 mM caffeine application. Panel (c,d) reports larger Ca²⁺ transient amplitude in the case of trained rats (red trace) compared to control (black trace). Panel (e) indicates faster transient relaxation kinetics in the case of trained animals.