Table 1.

Radiotracers used clinically at the University of Michigan

Radiotracer	Abbreviation	Application	Radiosynthesis	Dosimetry	Historical Imaging
[11C]Radiotracers
[11C]Acetate	[11C]ACE	Metabolism	Runkle et al. 2011	Seltzer et al. 2004	Duvernoy et al. 2016
[11C]Aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid	[11C]ACHC	Amino acid transport	Koeppe et al. 1990a	Washburn et al. 1982a	Koeppe et al. 1990a
1-[11C]Methyl-4- piperidinyl n-butyrate	[11C]BMP	Butyrlcholinesterase	Snyder et al. 2001	Virta et al. 2008	Kuhl et al. 2006
[11C]Butanol	[11C]BUT	Blood flow	See Supporting Information	See Supporting Information	b; Quarles et al. 1993
[11C]Carfentanil	[11C]CFN	Mu opioid receptors	Blecha et al. 2017	Newberg et al. 2009	Zubieta et al. 2000
[11C]Choline	[11C]CHO	Choline biochemistry	Shao et al. 2014	Tolvanen et al. 2010	Piert et al. 2009
[11C]DASB	[11C]DASB	Serotonin transporter	Shao et al. 2014	Lu et al. 2004	Albin et al. 2008
[11C]Dihydrotetrabenazine	[11C]DTBZ	Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)	Shao et al. 2014	Murthy et al. 2008	Koeppe et al. 1995
[11C]Epinephrine	[11C]EPI	Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)	Chakraborty et al. 1993	Wrobel et al. 1997	Münch et al. 2000
[11C]Flumazenil	[11C]FMZ	GABAA Receptors	Shao et al. 2011a	Laymon et al. 2012	Koeppe et al. 1991
[11C]meta-Hydroxyephedrine	[11C]HED	NET, Sympathetic nervous system	Shao et al. 2014	Wrobel et al. 1997 and Supporting Information	Duvernoy et al. 2016
[11C]LY2795050	[11C]LY2795050	Kappa opioid receptors	Yang et al. 2018	See Supporting Information	b; Naganawa et al. 2015
[11C]Methionine	[11C]MET	Amino acid	Shao et al. 2014	Deloar et al. 1998	Miller et al. 2019
[11C]Methoxytetrabenazine	[11C]MTBZ	VMAT2	DaSilva et al. 1993a	Wrobel et al. 1997	Vander Borght et al. 1995
[11C]Methylphenidate	[11C]MPH	Dopamine transporter	Moran et al. 2010	See Supporting Information	Albin et al. 2009
[11C]N-Methylpiperidinyl benzilate	[11C]NMBP	mAChR	Mulholland et al. 1995	Mulholland et al. 1995	Zubieta et al. 2001
[11C]OMAR/[11C]JHU 75528	[11C]OMAR	Cannabinoid 2 receptors	Shao et al. 2015	Wong et al. 2010	Wong et al. 2010
[11C]Palmitate	[11C]PALM	Fatty acid metabolism	Runkle et al. 2011	Christensen et al. 2017	b; de Jong et al. 2009
[11C]PBR28	[11C]PBR28	Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO)	Shao et al. 2014	Brown et al. 2007	b Kreisl et al. 2016
[11C]Pittsburgh Compound B	[11C]PiB	Amyloid plaques	Shao et al. 2014	O’Keefe et al. 2009	Burke et al. 2011
[11C]((E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2-enyl)-2β-(4′-tolyl) nortropane)	[11C]PE2I	Dopamine transporter	Dollé et al. 2000; Halldin et al. 2003	Ribeiro et al. 2007	b; Halldin et al. 2003
[11C]Phenylephrine	[11C]PHEN	NET	Del Rosario et al. 1996	Wrobel et al. 1997	Raffel et al. 1996
(R)-[N-Methyl-11 C]PK11195	[11C]PK11195	TSPO	Alves et al., 2013	Hirvonen et al. 2010	Junck et al. 1989
[11C]PMP	[11C]PMP	Acetylcholinesterase	Shao et al. 2014	See Supporting Information	Kuhl et al. 1999
[11C]Raclopride	[11C]RAC	Dopamine D2 receptors	Shao et al. 2014	Ribeiro et al. 2005	Scott et al. 2006
[11C]Ro-54,864	[11C]Ro-54,864	TSPO	Watkins et al. 1988	see Supporting Informationa	Junck et al. 1989
[11C]Sarcosine	[11C]SARC	Sarcosine biochemistry	Piert et al. 2017	Piert et al. 2017	Piert et al. 2017
[11C]Scopolamine	[11C]SCOP	mAChR	Mulholland et al. 1988	Frey et al. 1992	Frey et al. 1992
[11C]Tetrabenazine	[11C]TBZ	VMAT2	DaSilva et al. 1993b	DaSilva et al. 1994	Kilbourn et al. 1993
[11C]Tropanylbenzilate	[11C]TRB	mAChR	Mulholland et al. 1992	Mulholland et al. 1992	Koeppe et al. 1994
[11C]WAY-100365	[11C]WAY	5-HT1A Receptor	Krasikova et al. 2009	Parsey et al. 2005	Mickey et al. 2008
[18F]Radiotracers
[18F]Flortaucipir	[18F]AV1451; [18F]T807; Tauvid	Tau	c; Mossine et al. 2017	Choi et al. 2016	Drake et al. 2019; Kramer et al. 2020
3-(1,4-Diazabicyclo[3.2.2] nonan-4-yl)-6-[18F]fluoro-dibenzo[b,d]thiophene 5,5-dioxide	[18F]JHU82132, [18F]ASEM	α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)	Gao et al. 2013 and Supporting Information	Wong et al. 2014 and Supporting Information	b; Wong et al. 2014
Fluciclovine (anti-1-Amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid)	[18F]FACBC; Auxumin	Amino acid transport	c; Sörensen et al. 2013	Nye et al. 2007; McParland et al. 2010	b; Songmen et al. 2019
[18F]Fluoroazomycin arabinoside	[18F]FAZA	Tumor hypoxia	Shao et al. 2011b	Savi et al. 2017	Beck et al., 2007
2-[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose	[18F]FDG	Glucose metabolism	Richards and Scott 2012; Sowa et al. 2018	Srinivasan et al. 2020	Koeppe et al. 2005
[18F]6-Fluoro-L-DOPA	[18F]FDOPA	Dopamine	See Supporting Information, Mossine et al. 2019, 2020	Kaushik et al. 2013; Mejia et al. 1991	Minn et al. 2009
[18F]-Fluoroethoxy- benzovesamicol	[18F]FEOBV	Vesicular acetylcholine transporter	Shao et al. 2011b	Petrou et al. 2014	Petrou et al. 2014
[18F]Fluorocholine	[18F]FCH	Choline biochemistry	Rodnick et al. 2013	DeGrado et al. 2002; Fabbri et al. 2014	Davenport et al. 2020
[18F]Florbetapir	Amyvid; [18F]AV45	Amyloid plaques	c	Joshi et al. 2014	Frey and Koeppe 2016
[18F]-Fluoro-3′-deoxy-3′-L-fluorothymidine	[18F]FLT	Cellular proliferation	Shao et al. 2011b	Vesselle et al. 2003; Mendes et al. 2018	Bertagna et al. 2013
[18F]Flubatine	[18F]FLBT	α4β2 nAChR	Hockley et al. 2013	Kranz et al. 2016	Sattler et al. 2012
[18F]Flutemetamol	Vizamyl, [18F]GE67	Amyloid plaques	c; Snellman et al. 2014	Koole et al. 2009	Frey and Koeppe 2016
[18F]Fluoromisonidazole	[18F]FMISO	Tumor hypoxia	d; Riss et al. 2012	Graham et al. 1997	Bruehlmeier et al. 2004
[18F]Fluoropropyl-dihydrotetrabenazine	[18F]FP-TBZ, [18F]AV133	VMAT2	Lin et al. 2010	Lin et al. 2010	Kilbourn and Koeppe 2019
[18F]GBR13119 /[18F]GBR12909	[18F]GBR	DAT	Haka and Kilbourn 1988, 1990	Kilbourn et al. 1989	Koeppe et al. 1990b
4-[18F]Fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine	[18F]MHPG	NET	Raffel et al. 2018	Raffel et al. 2018	Raffel et al. 2018
2′-Methoxyphenyl-(N-2′-pyridinyl)-p-18F-fluoro-benzamidoethylpiperazine	[18F]MPPF	5-HT1A Receptor	Shao et al. 2011b	See Supporting Information	b; Aznavour and Zimmer 2007
[18F]Sodium Fluoride	[18F]NaF	Bone imaging	Shao et al. 2011b	Segall et al. 2010; Silveira et al. 2010	Wong and Piert 2013
[18F]N-Methyl Lansoprazole	[18F]NML	Tau	Kramer et al. 2020	Kramer et al. 2020	Kramer et al. 2020
4-[18F]Fluoro-p-hydroxyphenethylguanidine	[18F]PHPG	NET	Raffel et al. 2018	Raffel et al. 2018	Raffel et al. 2018
Other Radiotracers
[13N]Ammonia	[13N]NH3	Blood flow	Scott 2012	Yi et al. 2015	Beanlands et al. 1994
[15O]Water	[15O]H2O	Blood flow	Dick and Watkins 2015	Brihaye et al. 1995	Minoshima et al. 1993
[68Ga]DOTATATE	NETSPOT	Somatostatin receptors	NETSPOT prescribing information 2016	Walker et al. 2013	b; Fallahi et al. 2019
[68Ga]PSMA-HBEDCC	[68Ga]PSMA-11	Prostate specific membrane antigen	See Supporting Information; Rodnick et al. 2020	Afshar-Oromieh et al. 2016; Sandgren et al. 2019	Rodnick et al. 2020

^aHistorical dosimetry data is no longer extant. Biodistribution data are provided to enable estimation of dosimetry; ^b UM Imaging data not yet published; ^c Commercially available under an approved (A)NDA; ^d Commercially available under an IND