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. 2020 Nov 11;10:19603. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75357-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neutrophils from HIV-1 patients release NETs, which are present in patients’ plasma. (a) Neutrophils from HIV-1 patients or (b) from healthy donors were activated with IL-8 (50 ng/mL) for 3 h at 37 °C, fixed and labeled with DAPI and anti-NE antibodies. Merged images show the colocalization of the two markers and the network morphology of NETs. Images are representative of at least 6 (HIV-1 patients) or 4 (healthy donors) assays. Scale bar, 10 µm. (c,d) Neutrophil from HIV-1 patients were stimulated with IL-8 (50 ng/mL; n = 12) or TNF-α (20 ng/mL; n = 17) and NET release was quantified with the Picogreen dsDNA kit. Each point represents a donor. Data were analyzed using paired Student’s t test. (e) Quantification of DNA-elastase complexes in the plasma of HIV-1-infected patients. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Viral loads in HIV-1 RNA copies/mL: Undetectable: < 40; Detectable: > 40. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.