TABLE 1.
Biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silica te-based bioceramics in endodontics: in vivo studies.
| Animal model | Calcium silicate- based bioceramics | Species | Biocompatibility/bioactivity | References |
| Subcutaneous implantation | MTA | Rat | • Severe/moderate inflammation on day 7 and decreased over time | Shahi et al., 2010; Cintra et al., 2013; Bueno et al., 2019 |
| • Thick and loose fibrous capsule formation on day 7 and was replaced by thin and dense fibrous capsule formation finally | Cintra et al., 2013; Taha et al., 2016; Bueno et al., 2019 | |||
| • The thickness of fibrous capsules increased over time | Khalil and Abunasef, 2015 | |||
| • Dystrophic calcification and birefringent structure | Viola et al., 2012; Cintra et al., 2013; Hinata et al., 2017; Bueno et al., 2019 | |||
| • Enhanced M2 macrophage polarization | Ito et al., 2014 | |||
| Mouse | • Induced the acute inflammation and biomineralization simultaneously | Reyes-Carmona et al., 2010, 2011 | ||
| Bioaggregate | Rat | • Less inflammatory response and produce less calcification compared to MTA | Batur et al., 2013 | |
| • More inflammatory response compared to MTA | Saghiri et al., 2013b | |||
| • Similar biocompatibility to MTA | Bosio et al., 2014 | |||
| • Adverse effect on liver function and kidney function | Khalil and Eid, 2013; Simsek et al., 2016 | |||
| Biodentine | Rat | • Intense inflammation on day 7 and decreased over time | Mori et al., 2014; Pinheiro et al., 2018 | |
| • Fibrous capsules formation | Da et al., 2016, 2019 | |||
| • Similar biocompatibility to MTA or Bioaggregate | Simsek et al., 2015 | |||
| • Induce the biomineralization | Martins et al., 2016; Cosme-Silva et al., 2019 | |||
| iRoot BP Plus | Rat | • Initiate thick inflammatory capsule containing focal calcification and marked fibrosis | Abou et al., 2019 | |
| iRoot SP | Rat | • Induce inflammatory cell infiltration especially macrophages and multi-nucleated giant cells | Bosio et al., 2014; Zhang and Peng, 2015 | |
| Dental pulp capping | MTA | Mouse | • The first 2 days was the inflammatory phase and dentin bridge with strong DSPP expression in odontoblast-like cells at 5 weeks | Nirschl and Avery, 1983 |
| Rat | • Few inflammatory cell infiltration and mild hard deposition in the first week and dentin bridge was induced at 4 weeks | Kramer et al., 2014; Park et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017; Long et al., 2017 | ||
| • Increased expression of odontogenic-related genes, such as DSPP, DMP1, and ON | Park et al., 2014 | |||
| • Inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β | Kramer et al., 2014 | |||
| • KLF5 was expressed in odontoblast-like cells and dental pulp cells | Han et al., 2017 | |||
| • Glut2 and Glut4 were expressed in differentiated odontoblast-like cells | Tohma et al., 2020 | |||
| Dog | • Display better performance in terms of pulp viability, pulp inflammation, and calcified bridge formation | Tabarsi et al., 2010 | ||
| • Induce the produce of odontoblast-like cells | Tabarsi et al., 2010 | |||
| • Induce the formation of reparative dentin with irregular features | Tziafas et al., 2000 | |||
| Bioaggregate | Rat | • Dentin bridge was thinner and the density of reparative dentin in MTA was lower than that in MTA or Biodentine | Kim et al., 2016 | |
| Biodentine | Mouse | • Promote the differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells into odontoblast-like cells | Frozoni et al., 2020 | |
| Rat | • Induce the formation of mineralized tissue aggressively compared to MTA | Paula et al., 2020 | ||
| • Induce the activation of Wnt/β-catenin for dentin bridge formation | Yaemkleebbua et al., 2019 | |||
| Dog | • Less inflammatory response and more dentin bridge formation compared to MTA | Zaen et al., 2020 | ||
| iRoot BP Plus | Rat | • Exhibit mild inflammation and induce the dentin bridge formation | Liu et al., 2015; Okamoto et al., 2018 | |
| • Induce stronger expression of odontogenic and focal adhesion molecules beneath the dentin bridge | Zhu et al., 2014a; Zhang et al., 2015 | |||
| Dog | • Complete calcified bridge formation without pulp inflammation | Shi et al., 2016 | ||
| Root perforation repair | MTA | Rat | • Increased number of polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells, abundant collagen deposition and granulation tissue | Silva et al., 2009 |
| • Decrease the inflammatory response and the bone resorption | de Sousa et al., 2019 | |||
| Mice | • Increase the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Lara et al., 2015 | ||
| Dog | • Induce mild inflammation and the formation of hard tissue bridge and inhibit the epithelial infiltration | Holland et al., 2001; Yildirim et al., 2005; Samiee et al., 2010 | ||
| • Delayed application of MTA in perforation led to the contamination of the perforation site | Ford et al., 1995; Tawfik et al., 2016 | |||
| Biodentine | Rat | • Decrease the inflammatory response and the bone resorption | de Sousa et al., 2019 | |
| Dog | • Induce the formation of new mineralized tissue without bone resorption and inflammatory cell infiltration | Silva et al., 2017; Cardoso et al., 2018 | ||
| Root-end filling | MTA | Dog | • Less inflammatory infiltration and more fibrous capsule underneath MTA, the deposition of new cementum | Torabinejad et al., 1995; Baek et al., 2005; Bernabe et al., 2005; Otani et al., 2011; Walivaara et al., 2012 |
| • Enhance the regeneration of cementum, bone and periodontal ligament with less inflammatory infiltration | Regan et al., 2002; Tanomaru-Filho et al., 2006; Tawil et al., 2009; Baek et al., 2010; Kohout et al., 2015; Walsh et al., 2018 | |||
| Monkey | • No inflammatory response and induce the cementum formation | Torabinejad et al., 1997 | ||
| Biodentine | Dog | • Display stronger sealing ability than MTA, promote periradicular bone healing | Tang et al., 2019 | |
| Regenerative endodontic procedures | MTA | Dog | • Induce the formation of bone-like tissue, cementum-like tissue, and periodontal ligament-like tissue | Wang et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014; Rodriguez-Benitez et al., 2015; Saoud et al., 2015; Moradi et al., 2016; Stambolsky et al., 2016; Ghoddusi et al., 2017; Palma et al., 2017 |
| Sheep | • Induce the formation of bone-like tissue, cementum-like tissue, and periodontal ligament-like tissue | Altaii et al., 2017 | ||
| Ferret | • Induce the formation of bone-like tissue, cementum-like tissue, and periodontal ligament-like tissue | Torabinejad et al., 2014, 2015, 2018 | ||
| Apexification | MTA | Dog | • Induce aical closure, hard tissue formation, and less inflammatory infiltration | Shabahang et al., 1999 |
| • Induce the resolution of periapical lesion and apical closure | Ham et al., 2005 | |||
| Monkey | • Induce aical closure, hard tissue formation, and less inflammatory infiltration |