TABLE 2.

Classification of calcium silicate-based bioceramics in endodontics.

Calcium silicate-based bioceramics	Producers	Compositions	Advantages	Disadvantages	Major application fields
MTA	Dentsply Endodontics, Tulsa, OK, United States	Tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalciumaluminoferrite, calcium sulfate, and bismuth oxide	• Excellent sealing ability and stability • Better adaptation to the dentinal walls	• Long setting time, difficult handling characteristic and teeth discoloration. • Weaker bonding or retentive strength.	• Apexification. • Root perforation and resorption. • Pulp capping. • Root end filling and sealing. • Regenerative endodontic procedures.
Bioaggregate	Innovative Bioceramix Inc., Vancouver, Canada	Tricalcium silicate, tantalum oxide, calcium phosphate, silicon dioxide	• Better color stability than MTA. • More stable bond strength than MTA. • Higher fracture resistance and acid resistance than MTA. • Lower washout than Biodentine. • High specific surface area.	• Inferior mechanical properties and bond strength than MTA. • Higher fluid uptake and longer setting time than Biodentine.	• Apexification. • Root perforation and resorption. • Pulp capping. • Root end filling and sealing. • Regenerative endodontic procedures.
Biodentine	Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France	Tricalcium silicate, zirconium oxide, calcium carbonate	• Superior mechanical properties than Bioaggregate. • More stable dimension than MTA. • Higher bond strength and least discoloration possibility. • Excellent ability to resist dislodgement and root fracture. • Good sealing ability.	• Unfavorable radiopacity and very high washout tendency. • Weaker antibacterial and anticariogenic effects than glass ionomer cement.	• Root end filling and perforation repair. • Pulpotomy procedures. • Pulp capping. • Regenerative endodontics.
iRoot BP/BP plus	Innovative Bioceramix Inc., Vancouver, Canada	Calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, and aluminum	• Easy manipulation and faster setting time than MTA.	• Inferior sealing capacity than MTA.	• Root canal filling and repair.
iRoot FS	Innovative Bioceramix Inc., Vancouver, Canada	Calcium silicates, zirconium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, calcium phosphate monobasic, anhydrous calcium sulfate	• Shorter setting time and hydrating process than MTA. • Equal compressive strength and microhardness.		• Root canal repair and filling.
iRoot SP	Innovative Bioceramix Inc., Vancouver, Canada	Calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide.	• Advantageous penetration area than MTA.	• Weaker bond strength than MTA.	• Root canal filling and sealing.