TABLE 5.

Genome-wide association study for 12 phosphorus use efficiency traits studied using two models: the general linear model with Q structure (GLM + Q) and the mixed linear model with Q structure and kinship (MLM).

Condition	Traita	GLM + Q			MLM			R2c		No. of SNPs sharedd
		Sigb	Average	Range	Sigb	Average	Range	Average (%)	Range (%)
			log10(p)			log10(p)
Optimum P	PRL	64	4.52	4.00–6.75	3	4.40	4.12–4.84	13.74	10.77–19.77	3
	TRL	34	4.89	4.01–7.62	4	4.53	4.23–5.34	14.84	12.27–22.02	4
	TSA	82	4.75	4.01–6.90	7	4.61	4.12–5.16	14.48	12.29–20.18	7
	TRV	94	4.76	4.01–7.18	9	4.60	4.00–5.48	14.52	12.27–20.91	9
	RAD	39	4.49	4.01–5.81	0	–	–	13.64	12.28–17.28	0
	TRT	43	4.46	4.00–6.11	13	4.39	4.04–5.45	13.93	12.25–19.18	13
	RF	84	4.74	4.02–7.51	6	4.32	4.07–5.02	14.36	12.30–21.76	6
	CHL	18	4.36	4.03–5.09	0	–	–	13.28	12.34–15.34	0
	TLA	56	4.67	4.02–8.97	10	4.80	4.02–6.29	14.48	10.37–25.4	10
	RDW	15	5.45	4.05–7.34	10	5.34	4.06–5.99	17.25	12.39–21.32	10
	SDW	61	4.73	4.01–7.50	6	4.91	4.48–5.30	14.54	12.28–21.72	6
	RSR	7	4.80	4.06–6.66	1	5.48	5.48–5.48	14.45	12.42–17.29	1
Low P	PRL	30	4.57	4.03–5.65	1	4.29	4.29–4.29	13.88	12.35–16.86	1
	TRL	35	4.39	4.00–5.39	0	–	–	13.34	12.25–16.16	0
	TSA	45	4.38	4.01–5.52	0	–	–	13.31	12.26–16.49	0
	TRV	18	4.38	4.01–5.62	0	–	–	13.33	12.26–16.77	0
	RAD	8	4.22	4.02–4.43	0	–	–	12.88	12.31–13.47	0
	TRT	11	4.46	4.01–6.29	2	4.53	4.12–4.95	13.42	10.60–20.53	2
	RF	28	4.46	4.02–6.44	7	4.23	4.01–4.93	13.62	12.31–18.98	7
	CHL	18	4.59	4.03–5.72	4	4.44	4.18–4.92	14.16	12.35–17.04	1
	TLA	53	4.42	4.01–5.77	5	4.26	4.03–4.90	13.39	10.33–17.16	5
	RDW	17	4.65	4.17–5.45	10	4.47	4.10–5.11	14.59	12.74–17.84	10
	SDW	50	4.53	4.00–6.82	2	4.42	4.41–4.43	13.54	10.55–19.96	2
	RSR	4	4.46	4.23–4.88	1	4.59	4.59–4.59	13.58	11.22–15.86	1
Ratio	PRL	55	4.49	4.01–5.88	0	–	–	13.45	11.55–17.46	0
	TRL	3	4.36	4.01–4.70	2	4.13	4.07–4.20	13.21	12.09–14.43	2
	TSA	0	–	–	0	–	–	–	–	0
	TRV	0	–	–	0	–	–	–	–	0
	RAD	13	4.36	4.06–5.18	2	4.32	4.17–4.46	13.49	12.42–15.57	2
	TRT	11	4.57	4.00–5.90	6	4.35	4.10–5.24	14.27	12.25–18.42	6
	RF	4	4.26	4.12–4.45	2	4.33	4.25–4.41	12.06	10.76–12.90	2
	CHL	4	4.57	4.52–4.74	1	4.65	4.65–4.65	14.33	13.72–16.18	1
	TLA	72	4.96	4.00–7.90	18	4.43	4.03–5.85	15.02	12.26–22.75	18
	RDW	27	4.63	4.02–6.62	5	4.39	4.24–4.88	14.24	12.29–19.46	5
	SDW	6	4.26	4.08–5.01	1	4.01	4.01–4.01	13.10	12.48–15.11	1
	RSR	62	4.65	4.02–7.28	1	4.43	4.43–4.43	14.09	12.32–21.15	1

PRL, primary root length; TRL, total root length; TSA, total root surface area; TRV, total root volume; RAD, root average diameter; TRT, total root tips; RF, root forks; CHL, chlorophyll concentration; TLA, total leaf area; RDW, root dry weight; SDW, shoot dry weight; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio. ^aThe traits tested in the study. ^bThe total number of significant SNPs detected at the threshold of −log(p) = 4.0. ^cThe phenotypic variation revealed by ANOVA with total significant SNPs detected using the two models. ^dThe number of significant SNPs detected by both models.