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The general mechanism of biofilm tolerance to various antimicrobials. (A) Physical tolerance: biofilm matrix limits the diffusion of antimicrobials (Tseng et al., 2013). (B) Passive tolerance: matrix enzymes inactivate the penetrated antibiotics molecules (Fux et al., 2005). (C) Physiological tolerance: persister cells in the deeper layer of biofilm induce adaptive SOS response and thus become more tolerant (adapted from Ciofu and Tolker-Nielsen, 2019).
