TABLE 4.

Biofilm-degrading enzymes against various human pathogens.

Enzymes	Source	Pathogenic bacteria	Molecular mechanism of biofilm inhibition	References
Serine protease, Esp	Staphylococcus epidermidis	Staphylococcus aureus	Esp degrades S. aureus surface proteins and host receptors	Sugimoto et al., 2013
Lysostaphin	Staphylococcus simulans	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Cleaves the pentaglycine cross-bridges of peptidoglycan and destroyed EPS matrix	Algburi et al., 2017 Hogan et al., 2017
α-Amylase	Bacillus subtilis S8-18	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Degrades the preform mature biofilm by disrupting EPS matrix	Kalpana et al., 2012
Cellulase	Penicillium funiculosum Trichoderma reesei	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Decreases the adhesion of cells to the surface and polysaccharide matrix	Loiselle and Anderson, 2003
Cellulase	Aspergillus niger Bacillus sp. DGV19	Burkholderia cepacia	Degrades the exopolysaccharide	Rajasekharan and Ramesh, 2013
Alginate lyase	Bacillus circulans ATCC 15518	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Degrades the exopolysaccharide	Alkawash et al., 2006
Hyaluronan	Streptococcus equi	Staphylococcus aureus	NS	Ibberson et al., 2016
Cysteine, histidine dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase CHAPK	Myoviridae staphylococcal Phage K	Staphylococcus aureus	Cleaves the peptide bond involving D-alanine and the first glycine in the pentaglycine cross-bridge of Staphylococcal cell wall peptidoglycan	Fenton et al., 2013
Endolysin LysH5	Phage vB_SauS-phiIPLA88	Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis	Anti-persister agents	Gutierrez et al., 2014
DNase I	Human stratum corneum	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus	Degradation of extracellular DNA prevents the formation of biofilm	Eckhart et al., 2007
DNase I and Proteinase K	NS	Actinomyces oris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans	Affected the structural integrity of the biofilms by removal of eDNA and extracellular proteins	Karygianni et al., 2020
Trypsin	Pancreatic serine endoprotease	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Destroy the protein contents of the biofilm matrix	Banar et al., 2016

NS, not specified.