Table 10.

Applications of silica nanoparticles

Material	Application	Process
Gold nanoparticles-mesoporous silica composite	Glucose Biosensor	Combining gold nanoparticles-mesoporous silica. Biosensor made by immobilizing IO4−-oxidized-glucose oxidase on gold nanoparticles-mesoporous silica. Modified gold electrode with 2-aminoethanethiol as a cross-linker (Bai et al. 2007)
Hollow silica spheres	DNA Biosensor	Depositing gold nanoparticle/hollow silica spheres on a screen-printed carbon paste electrode for the detection of E.coli DNA. Using glutaraldehyde bifunctional cross-linker, an aminated DNA probe is coupled to the aminated hollow silica spheres and deposited onto the electrode of gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon paste (Ariffin et al. 2018)
TAT (cell penetrating peptide) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and doped silica nanoparticles	Bioimaging	Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells (in vitro) and rat brain tissue (in vivo) tagged with nanoparticles. Endovascular approach targets brain blood vessels to study blood–brain barrier (Santra et al. 2004)
Carbon dots inserted in a silica shell around polylactide-polyethylene-glycol conjugated silica core	Bioimaging	Fluorescence induced by incorporation of carbon dots into silica nanoparticle shell. Carbon dots with silane groups on the silica shell using a one-pot reaction. For cellular uptake, silica-loaded core are incubated with A549 cells line and studied for drug release and bioimaging Silica core–shell material proved promising materials for both bioimaging and anticancer drug delivery (Mehdi et al. 2018)
Mesoporous MCM-41 silica	Drug delivery	Mesoporous MCM-41 is loaded with ibuprofen. Drug release in a simulated body fluid. Drug release analyzed in amine-functionalized MCM-41 of micro-sized sphere and irregular shape. Non-functionalized mesoporous silica shows lower drug release. For amine-functionalized mesoporous silica, drug release rate is better for spherical shape compared to irregular shape (Manzano et al. 2008)
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Drug delivery	Interactions with fluorescent unilamellar vesicles and dye-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Time-resolved fluorescence and steady-state techniques to study live cells fluorescence imaging Release of dye molecules from the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles is observed (Bardhan et al. 2018)
Hollow-core mesoporous shell carbon nanospheres	Supercapacitor	Uniform hollow-core mesoporous shell carbon nanospheres fabricated by a surface co-assembly of monodisperse silica nanospheres method. This strategy is easier compared to other methods. 2.0 M sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte: working electrode is hollow-core mesoporous shell carbon nanospheres coated glass carbon electrode, platinum electrode used as a counter. Good sustainability of capacitance (You et al. 2011)