Fig. 1. Early life risk factors and mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences in neurodevelopment later in life.

Arrows represent associations between pre- or perinatal risk factors, early in life health outcomes (birth–4 months), and later in life health outcomes (middle childhood–early childhood) as observed in the literature. Solid arrows represent associations between risk factors and outcomes that are topics of discussion in this review. Dashed arrows represent links that are not addressed in the current review.