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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 12.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2019 Aug 27;50(13):2154–2170. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719002034

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Directed acyclic graph (DAG) of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) 17-symptom-items (PTSD), the clinician-rated Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) 10-symptom-items (depression), and the psychotherapy outcome assessment and monitoring system-trauma version (POAMS-TV) total score reflecting overall functioning levels (functioning) among PTSD patients. Nodes represent symptoms and edges represent directed connections between symptoms. The item label abbreviations for the CAPS are: AMNES, amnesia; ANGER, irritability; AVSIT, avoidance of situations; AVTHT, avoidance of thoughts; CONC, concentration deficits; DISINT, disinterest in activities; DREAM, nightmares; DTACH, detachment from others; FLASH, flashbacks; FUTRE, foreshortened future; HYPER, hypervigilance; INTRU, intrusions; NUMB, emotional numbing; PHY, physiological reactivity; SLEEP, sleep disturbance; STRTL, startle response; and UPSET, upset by reminders. The item abbreviation labels for the MADRS are: APPSAD, apparent sadness; REPSAD, reported sadness; TENSION, Inner Tension; RESLEEP, reduced sleep; REAPP, reduced appetite; CONCDIFF, concentration difficulties, LASS, lassitude; FEEL, inability to feel; PESS, pessimistic thoughts; SUI, suicidal thoughts. The item abbreviation label for the POAMS-TV is FUNC.