Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population.
| No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Photograph | No photograph |
| Orders | ||
| Total No. | 596 346 | 1 962 400 |
| No. of orders placed during same session, mean (SD) | 4.48 (5.37) | 4.72 (5.73) |
| Order type | ||
| Diagnostic | 251 129 (42.1) | 878 868 (44.8) |
| Medication | 196 474 (32.9) | 588 897 (30.0) |
| Nursing | 55 310 (9.3) | 188 870 (9.6) |
| Other | 93 433 (15.7) | 305 765 (15.6) |
| Work shift | ||
| Day | 341 805 (57.3) | 1 039 515 (52.9) |
| Night | 254 541 (42.7) | 922 885 (47.0) |
| Workspaces | ||
| 1 | 237 368 (39.8) | 878 868 (44.8) |
| 2 | 299 335 (50.2) | 939 752 (47.9) |
| 3 | 24 669 (4.1) | 86 025 (4.4) |
| 4 | 30 189 (5.1) | 104 404 (5.3) |
| Not recorded | 4785 (0.01) | 14 473 (0.7) |
| Encounters | ||
| Total No. | 32 156 | 90 036 |
| ED length of stay, mean (SD), h | 7.14 (8.43) | 7.23 (8.49) |
| ESI score | ||
| 1 (Immediate) | 148 (0.5) | 1697 (1.9) |
| 2 (Emergency) | 11 033 (34.3) | 35 513 (39.4) |
| 3 (Less urgent) | 16 787 (52.2) | 41 903 (46.5) |
| 4 (Nonurgent) | 3599 (11.1) | 8838 (9.8) |
| 5 (Urgent) | 339 (1.0) | 714 (0.8) |
| NA | 250 (0.8) | 1371 (1.5) |
| ED disposition | ||
| Discharge | 21 552 (67.0) | 53 550 (59.5) |
| Admit to inpatient care | 9246 (28.8) | 31 904 (35.4) |
| Other | 1358 (4.2) | 4582 (5.1) |
| Patients | ||
| Total No. | 19 091 | 60 849 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.0 (19.4) | 50.3 (20.2) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 7613 (39.9) | 24 882 (40.9) |
| Female | 11 478 (60.1) | 36 027 (59.2) |
| Race | ||
| White | 10 008 (52.4) | 34 814 (57.2) |
| Black | 3673 (19.2) | 11 295 (18.6) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1848 (9.7) | 3964 (6.5) |
| Othera | 3562 (18.5) | 10 776 (17.7) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 4507 (23.6) | 10 852 (17.8) |
| Non-Hispanic | 14 110 (73.9) | 47 181 (77.5) |
| Otherb | 474 (2.5) | 2816 (4.6) |
| Practitioners | ||
| Total No. | 2457 | 4298 |
| Type | ||
| Resident or fellow | 1182 (48.1) | 1845 (42.9) |
| Attending physician | 713 (29.0) | 1375 (32.0) |
| NP or PA | 359 (14.6) | 641 (14.9) |
| Other | 144 (5.9) | 390 (9.1) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1213 (49.4) | 2198 (51.1) |
| Female | 1238 (50.4) | 2094 (48.7) |
| Other or unknown | 6 (0.002) | 6 (0.1) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; ESI, Emergency Severity Index; NA, not applicable; NP, nurse practitioner; PA, physician assistant.
a
Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, declined, or unknown.
b
Declined or unknown.