Table 1. Trend Analyses of Health Indicators Since US Congress Introduced Legislation to Reduce Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities (N = 4 856 326).
| Outcome | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE)a | P valueb | β (SE)a | P valueb | |
| Metabolic disease | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | 0.28 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.23 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.26 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.03) | <.001 |
| White | 0.25 (0.01) | <.001 | 0.20 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | 0.14 (0.05) | .01 | 0.21 (0.04) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.37 (0.05) | <.001 | 0.38 (0.06) | <.001 |
| White | 0.24 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.20 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | 0.62 (0.06) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.06) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.83 (0.07) | <.001 | 0.63 (0.04) | <.001 |
| White | 0.44 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | 0.51 (0.12) | <.001 | 0.47 (0.12) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.38 (0.15) | .03 | 0.35 (0.13) | .02 |
| White | 0.53 (0.04) | <.001 | 0.13 (0.05) | .02 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | 0.79 (0.18) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.09) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.67 (0.15) | <.001 | 0.79 (0.30) | .02 |
| White | 0.58 (0.07) | <.001 | 0.11 (0.08) | .16 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | 0.99 (0.18) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.18) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.17) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.12) | <.001 |
| White | 0.91 (0.11) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.11) | <.001 |
| Stroke | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | 0.11 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.01 (0.04) | .83 | 0.02 (0.02) | .24 |
| White | 0.04 (0.00) | <.001 | 0.06 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | −0.03 (0.05) | .62 | 0.17 (0.03) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.00 (0.04) | .91 | 0.00 (0.05) | .97 |
| White | 0.02 (0.01) | .09 | 0.00 (0.01) | .74 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | 0.05 (0.03) | .06 | 0.10 (0.04) | .04 |
| Hispanic | −0.14 (0.07) | .07 | −0.07 (0.11) | .49 |
| White | −0.03 (0.01) | .05 | −0.05 (0.01) | <.001 |
| Respiratory disease | ||||
| Asthma | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | 0.24 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.30 (0.03) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.04 (0.03) | .22 | 0.06 (0.07) | .36 |
| White | 0.09 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.21 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | 0.22 (0.04) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.03) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.04 (0.03) | .16 | 0.13 (0.04) | .01 |
| White | 0.09 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.03) | <.001 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | 0.14 (0.04) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.03 (0.03) | .42 | 0.13 (0.04) | <.001 |
| White | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Behavior | ||||
| Physical inactivity | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | −0.17 (0.06) | .01 | −0.28 (0.06) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.26 (0.10) | .02 | −0.28 (0.10) | .01 |
| White | −0.06 (0.09) | .56 | −0.08 (0.06) | .23 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | −0.41 (0.08) | <.001 | −0.31 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.42 (0.10) | <.001 | −0.31 (0.11) | .01 |
| White | −0.13 (0.08) | .11 | −0.22 (0.06) | <.001 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | −0.52 (0.06) | <.001 | −0.43 (0.04) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.30 (0.16) | .08 | −0.20 (0.13) | .15 |
| White | −0.24 (0.05) | <.001 | −0.34 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Health care system | ||||
| Uninsured | ||||
| Aged 45-54 y | ||||
| Black | −0.11 (0.14) | .45 | −0.44 (0.14) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.30 (0.12) | .03 | 0.13 (0.12) | .28 |
| White | −0.10 (0.06) | .15 | −0.15 (0.07) | .04 |
| Aged 55-64 y | ||||
| Black | −0.33 (0.08) | <.001 | −0.58 (0.11) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.00 (0.11) | 1.00 | −0.18 (0.13) | .19 |
| White | −0.16 (0.05) | <.001 | −0.26 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Aged ≥65 y | ||||
| Black | −0.25 (0.04) | <.001 | −0.18 (0.03) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.02 (0.03) | .64 | −0.02 (0.03) | .37 |
| White | −0.04 (0.01) | <.001 | −0.03 (0.01) | <.001 |
a
β Coefficient indicates slope of yearly percentage of prevalence change.
b
P value for the group difference adjustment: Tukey method for comparing a family of 3 estimates.