Table 2. Recent Prevalence of Health Indicators After US Congress Passed Legislation That Aimed to Reduce Health Disparities (N = 4 856 326).
| Disease | Black adults (n = 377 221) | Hispanic adults (n = 281 951) | White adults (n = 4 197 154) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999-2008, % | 2009-2018, % | Change, % | P valuea | 1999-2008, % | 2009-2018, % | Change, % | P valuea | 1999-2008, % | 2009-2018, % | Change, % | P valuea | |
| Men aged 45-54 y (n = 528 078) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 13.8 | 16.3 | 2.5 | <.001 | 12.4 | 14.8 | 2.4 | <.001 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 2.1 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 43.4 | 48.2 | 4.8 | <.001 | 29.1 | 34.8 | 5.7 | <.001 | 29.2 | 34.6 | 5.4 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 3.7 | 4.6 | 0.9 | <.001 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.2 | .26 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.3 | <.001 |
| CHD | 3.8 | 3.9 | 0.1 | .82 | 4.4 | 3.5 | −0.9 | <.001 | 4.0 | 3.4 | −0.6 | <.001 |
| Asthma | 10.0 | 11.8 | 1.8 | <.001 | 8.8 | 8.7 | −0.1 | .79 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 0.5 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 5.3 | NA | NA | NA | 3.5 | NA | NA | NA | 5.3 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 27.7 | 25.3 | −2.4 | <.001 | 20.2 | 17.0 | −3.2 | <.001 | 26.9 | 24.3 | −2.6 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 2.9 | NA | NA | NA | 2.2 | NA | NA | NA | 3.2 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 14.6 | NA | NA | NA | 14.6 | NA | NA | NA | 15.6 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 30.6 | 28.8 | −1.8 | <.001 | 35.9 | 32.7 | −3.2 | <.001 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 0.6 | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 20.6 | 19.5 | −1.1 | .007 | 25.6 | 27.5 | 1.9 | <.001 | 11.8 | 11.3 | −0.5 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 23.0 | 23.1 | 0.1 | .68 | 28.8 | 28.4 | −0.4 | .43 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 1.2 | <.001 |
| Women aged 45-54 y (n = 757 623) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 15.1 | 16.8 | 1.7 | <.001 | 11.6 | 14.4 | 2.8 | <.001 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 1.6 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 48.0 | 52.6 | 4.6 | <.001 | 30.4 | 32.7 | 2.3 | <.001 | 24.3 | 26.2 | 1.9 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 4.0 | 5.0 | 1.0 | <.001 | 2.4 | 2.3 | −0.1 | .65 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.4 | <.001 |
| CHD | 4.2 | 3.8 | −0.4 | .004 | 4.2 | 3.4 | −0.8 | <.001 | 2.5 | 2.3 | −0.2 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | NA | 3.2 | NA | NA | NA | 3.4 | NA | NA | NA | 2.5 | NA | NA |
| Asthma | 16.3 | 18.3 | 2.0 | <.001 | 16.9 | 16.4 | −0.5 | .12 | 14.3 | 15.7 | 1.4 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 9.0 | NA | NA | NA | 5.4 | NA | NA | NA | 7.7 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 39.1 | 35.1 | −4.0 | <.001 | 30.6 | 26.2 | −4.4 | <.001 | 33.4 | 30.2 | −3.2 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 5.4 | NA | NA | NA | 6.0 | NA | NA | NA | 8.0 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 21.9 | NA | NA | NA | 24.3 | NA | NA | NA | 27.7 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 37.0 | 35.0 | −2.0 | <.001 | 39.9 | 36.4 | −3.5 | <.001 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 0.2 | .10 |
| Uninsured | 20.4 | 17.3 | −3.1 | <.001 | 23.5 | 23.9 | 0.4 | .30 | 10.7 | 9.7 | −1.0 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 26.8 | 27.2 | 0.4 | .29 | 35.7 | 34.8 | −0.9 | .02 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| Men aged 55-64 y (n = 585 081) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 24.8 | 25.7 | 0.9 | .05 | 22.6 | 25.8 | 3.2 | <.001 | 13.5 | 15.2 | 1.7 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 59.2 | 64.9 | 5.7 | <.001 | 45.1 | 50.8 | 5.7 | <.001 | 43.2 | 48.1 | 4.9 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 8.1 | 8.4 | 0.3 | .38 | 4.9 | 4.6 | −0.3 | .31 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 0.3 | .001 |
| CHD | 7.3 | 7.4 | 0.1 | .86 | 9.6 | 7.9 | −1.7 | <.001 | 10.1 | 8.4 | −1.7 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | NA | 5.9 | NA | NA | NA | 5.2 | NA | NA | NA | 3.1 | NA | NA |
| Asthma | 9.7 | 10.9 | 1.2 | <.001 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 0.3 | .33 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 0.4 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 8.6 | NA | NA | NA | 5.8 | NA | NA | NA | 8.8 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 41.8 | 39.7 | −2.1 | .002 | 33.0 | 30.0 | −3.0 | <.001 | 39.1 | 36.3 | −2.8 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 8.3 | NA | NA | NA | 5.4 | NA | NA | NA | 7.4 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 16.3 | NA | NA | NA | 18.0 | NA | NA | NA | 16.2 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 34.4 | 31.9 | −2.5 | <.001 | 39.1 | 34.1 | −5.0 | <.001 | 24.6 | 24.7 | 0.1 | .45 |
| Uninsured | 18.2 | 14.4 | −3.8 | <.001 | 20.3 | 19.5 | −0.8 | .09 | 10.1 | 8.8 | −1.3 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 32.6 | 32.7 | 0.1 | .90 | 40.1 | 37.7 | −2.4 | <.001 | 19.3 | 19.6 | 0.3 | .05 |
| Women aged 55-64 y (n = 846 487) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 26.7 | 27.8 | 1.1 | .001 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 3.0 | <.001 | 11.0 | 12.5 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 65.7 | 69.7 | 4.0 | <.001 | 47.0 | 50.6 | 3.6 | <.001 | 40.0 | 40.8 | 0.8 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 7.2 | 7.8 | 0.6 | .01 | 4.3 | 4.2 | −0.1 | .78 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | .64 |
| CHD | 7.7 | 6.8 | −0.9 | <.001 | 8.0 | 6.4 | −1.6 | <.001 | 5.3 | 4.3 | −1.0 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | NA | 4.8 | NA | NA | NA | 4.6 | NA | NA | NA | 3.4 | NA | NA |
| Asthma | 16.5 | 18.4 | 1.9 | <.001 | 17.7 | 18.5 | 0.8 | .02 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 0.8 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 12 | NA | NA | NA | 8.4 | NA | NA | NA | 10.3 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 55.8 | 50.7 | −5.1 | <.001 | 48.0 | 43.6 | −4.4 | <.001 | 50.0 | 44.1 | −5.9 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 8.6 | NA | NA | NA | 8.3 | NA | NA | NA | 11.5 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 21.0 | NA | NA | NA | 28.7 | NA | NA | NA | 27.2 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 39.5 | 37.1 | −2.4 | <.001 | 42.6 | 38.8 | −3.8 | <.001 | 26.6 | 25.7 | −0.9 | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 18.6 | 14.1 | −4.5 | <.001 | 20.1 | 17.7 | −2.4 | <.001 | 10.2 | 8.2 | −2.0 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 36.3 | 34.3 | −2.0 | <.001 | 47.4 | 43.9 | −3.5 | <.001 | 19.3 | 18.7 | −0.6 | <.001 |
| Men aged ≥65 y (n = 785 126) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 29.6 | 34.0 | 4.4 | <.001 | 25.4 | 33.0 | 7.6 | <.001 | 18.0 | 21.5 | 3.5 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 66.6 | 73.8 | 7.2 | <.001 | 51.2 | 61.2 | 10.0 | <.001 | 51.9 | 59.3 | 7.4 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 10.9 | 11.0 | 0.1 | .77 | 6.9 | 6.6 | −0.3 | .50 | 8.6 | 7.9 | −0.7 | <.001 |
| CHD | 9.2 | 10.4 | 1.2 | .001 | 15.2 | 12.8 | −2.4 | <.001 | 18.4 | 16.7 | −1.7 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | NA | 8.4 | NA | NA | NA | 6.7 | NA | NA | NA | 5.7 | NA | NA |
| Asthma | 8.6 | 9.6 | 1.0 | .001 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 0.1 | .85 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 0.3 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 9.9 | NA | NA | NA | 7.6 | NA | NA | NA | 12.0 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 49.7 | 48.1 | −1.6 | .02 | 42 | 39.0 | −3.0 | <.001 | 48.2 | 45.7 | −2.5 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 19.7 | NA | NA | NA | 12.6 | NA | NA | NA | 18.8 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 10.5 | NA | NA | NA | 14.0 | NA | NA | NA | 11.3 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 38.2 | 33.1 | −5.1 | <.001 | 38.3 | 34.0 | −4.3 | <.001 | 27.9 | 26.7 | −1.2 | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 6.3 | 3.8 | −2.5 | <.001 | 5.5 | 4.6 | −0.9 | <.001 | 1.9 | 1.5 | −0.4 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 39.0 | 35.4 | –3.6 | <.001 | 45.2 | 41.1 | −4.1 | <.001 | 27.0 | 22.7 | −4.3 | <.001 |
| Women aged ≥65 y (n = 1 353 931) | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 29.8 | 34.7 | 4.9 | <.001 | 26.1 | 31.8 | 5.7 | <.001 | 14.1 | 16.6 | 2.5 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 73.6 | 79.7 | 6.1 | <.001 | 57.8 | 65.2 | 7.4 | <.001 | 55.6 | 59.4 | 3.8 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 10.4 | 10.1 | −0.3 | .11 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 0.3 | .19 | 7.7 | 7.2 | −0.5 | <.001 |
| CHD | 9.5 | 9.6 | 0.1 | .82 | 11.8 | 9.9 | −1.9 | <.001 | 10.8 | 9.1 | −1.7 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | NA | 6.9 | NA | NA | NA | 5.7 | NA | NA | NA | 5.6 | NA | NA |
| Asthma | 12.9 | 15.3 | 2.4 | <.001 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 1.0 | .002 | 11.4 | 12.6 | 1.2 | <.001 |
| COPD | NA | 11.7 | NA | NA | NA | 8.9 | NA | NA | NA | 12.8 | NA | NA |
| Arthritis | 65.1 | 62.0 | −3.1 | <.001 | 58.6 | 56.2 | −2.4 | <.001 | 60.6 | 57.7 | −2.9 | <.001 |
| Cancer | NA | 13.0 | NA | NA | NA | 10.6 | NA | NA | NA | 18.0 | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | 12.3 | NA | NA | NA | 20.1 | NA | NA | NA | 17.3 | NA | NA |
| Physical inactivity | 44.3 | 40.8 | −3.5 | <.001 | 48.0 | 45.1 | −2.9 | <.001 | 35.3 | 33.2 | −2.1 | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 4.8 | 3.0 | −1.8 | <.001 | 4.2 | 3.5 | −0.7 | <.001 | 1.4 | 1.1 | −0.3 | <.001 |
| Poor health | 42.4 | 37.4 | −5.0 | <.001 | 52.9 | 48.4 | −4.5 | <.001 | 27.2 | 22.3 | −4.9 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable.
a
By χ2 test.