Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| First author (year) | Front-end user of teledermatology | Telehealth practice format | Reported use of implementation theory? | Country | Number of teleconsults | Number and type of survey participants | Number of study quality indices with risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armstrong (2010) [36] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | USA | NA | 8 dermatologists; interview | 2 |
| van der Heijden (2014) [37] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Netherlands | 85 | 13 dermatologists; questionnaire and interview | 4 |
| van der Heijden (2010) [38] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Netherlands | 28 | 20 dermatologists; questionnaire | 2 |
| Kips (2019) [39] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Belgium | 54 | 15 mixed (12 primary care providers; 3 dermatologists); questionnaire | 3 |
| Delaigue (2014) [40] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | 24 different countries | Not reported | 22 mixed (13 dermatologists and 9 non-dermatologist healthcare providers); questionnaire | 3 |
| Lasierra (2012) [41] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Spain | 17 | 14 mixed (13 primary care providers, 1 dermatologist); questionnaire | 3 |
| Orruño (2011) [42] | Healthcare provider | SAF | Yesa | Spain | 254 | 161 mixed (16 dermatologists, 126 family medicine physicians, 19 pediatricians); questionnaire | 2 |
| Janda (2019) [43] | Healthcare provider | SAF | Yesa | Australia (85%), Europe (7%) | Not reported | 52 mixed (16 primary care providers, 22 dermatologists, 14 dermatologist registrars); survey | 1 |
| Ford (2019) [44] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | USA | Not reported | 29 mixed (17 patients, 8 primary care providers and 4 dermatologists); interview | 2 |
| Manahan (2011) [45] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Australia | 2 | 21 mixed (19 pharmacists, 2 patients); questionnaire | 2 |
| Kaliyadan (2013) [46] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Saudi Arabia | 166 | 25 mixed (23 patients, 2 dermatologists); questionnaire | 3 |
| Ludwick (2010) [47] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Canada | 28 | 10 mixed (9 physicians, 1 dermatologist); interview | 2 |
| von Wangenheim (2019) [48] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Brazil | 83,100 | NA; NA | Retrospective chart review, not assessed |
| Nakayama (2012) [49] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Japan | 36 | 23 pathologists; questionnaire | 4 |
| Spinks (2016) [50] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Australia | Not reported | 35 patients; direct choice experiment | 3 |
| Armstrong (2012) [51] | Healthcare provider | SAF and LI | No | USA | 2760 | 10 primary care providers; interview | 1 |
| Barbieri (2015) [52] | Healthcare provider | Not reported | No | USA | Not reported | 18 primary care providers; survey | 3 |
| O’Toole (2017) [53] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | Canada | 965 | 217 primary care providers; survey | 3 |
| Costello (2019) [3] | Healthcare provider | SAF | No | USA | 38 | unknown number of primary care providers; survey | 3 |
| Eber (2019) [54] | Mix (healthcare provider and patient) | Not reported | No | Austria | Not reported | 243 dermatologists; questionnaire | 2 |
| Ariens (2017) [55] | Patients | SAF and LI | No | Netherlands | Not reported | 39 dermatologists; survey | 2 |
| Wu (2015) [56] | Patients | SAF | No | USA | Not reported | 31 mixed (2 dermatologists, 29 patients); survey | 4 |
| Fiks (2018) [57] | Patients | SAF | No | USA | Not reported | 135 patients; survey | 3 |
| Kong (2020) [58] | Patients | SAF | No | Australia | Not reported | 28 patients; interview | 3 |
| Pathipati (2016) [59] | Patients | SAF | No | USA | 38 | 38 patients; interview | 4 |
| Horsham (2016) [60] | Patients | SAF | Yesa | Australia | 49 | 49 patients; survey | 2 |
| Al Quran (2015) [61] | Patients | LI | No | Jordan | 90 | 88 patients; interview | 2 |
| Armstrong (2011) [62] | Unclear | SAF and LI | No | USA | Not reported | 17 dermatologists; interview | 2 |
| Walters (2018) [63] | Unclear | Not reported | No | South Africa | NA | NA; NA | 2 |
| Romero (2018) [64] | Unclear | SAF and LI | No | Spain | Not reported | Not reported (providers drawn from 42 dermatology centers); NA | 2 |
SAF store and forward, LI live interactive
aTechnology acceptance model