Table 2.

Reported and estimated out-of-pocket and opportunity costs per clinic visit in rural Thyolo, Malawi (in 2017 US dollars)

Cost component	Reported cost from admission to time of survey among inpatients being treated for TB				Reported cost per clinic visit among outpatients receiving new HIV diagnoses		Estimated cost per clinic visit among outpatients being treated for TB
	Initial TB episode (mean 10 days)		Recurrent TB (mean 28 days)
	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)
Medical cost
Consult & diagnosis	$0.09	($0.76)	$0.34	($2.48)	$1.12	($2.61)	-
Medicines	$0.004	($0.03)	$0.39	($2.49)	$0.18	($0.75)	-
Non-medical cost
Transportation*	$3.98	($12.74)	$2.57	($3.24)	$0.31	($0.52)	$0.32	($0.30)
Childcare	$2.53	($5.52)	$4.60	($9.29)	$0.36	($0.85)	$0.23	($0.19)
Food	$8.18	($11.85)	$12.72	($12.78)	$0.50	($1.01)	$0.64	($0.61)
Accommodation	-		-		$0.76	($1.72)	$0.49	($0.54)
Clothing	$0.18	($0.64)	$2.26	($13.87)	-		-
Patient total OOP cost (sum of itemized costs)	$14.96	($19.52)	$22.86	($27.46)	$3.25	($5.06)	$1.69	($1.41)
Self-reported total OOP cost (reported as a single item)	$5.72	($13.04)	$10.81	($27.61)	$0.84	($1.93)	-
Guardian total OOP cost*	$13.70	($16.62)	$16.82	($27.00)	-		-
Total OOP cost	$28.66	($29.09)	$39.68	($46.04)	$3.25	($5.06)	$1.69	($1.41)
Patient Opportunity cost	$18.06	($35.14)	$70.81	($129.63)	$1.57	($5.89)	$1.79	($1.40)
Time spent at facility (hrs)	240.68**	(215.5)	674.62**	(457.07)	3.92	(2.34)	4.96	(2.63)
Patient’s Wage (per day)	$2.84	($5.65)	$3.84	($6.21)	$3.23	($8.97)	$2.99	($1.76)
Guardian opportunity cost	$8.65	($12.69)	$12.73	($26.55)	-
Total Opportunity cost	$26.65	($39.75)	$83.32	($132.40)	$1.57	($5.89)	$1.79	($1.40)
Total Cost per episode	$55.31	($58.50)	$123.00	($153.79)	$4.89	($8.60)***	$3.52	($2.11)****

SD, standard deviation; OOP, out-of-pocket

^*Guardian expenses included the same cost components with patient expenses.

^**This is the number of hospital days (converted to hours) until the time of survey administration. Lost wages for hospitalization were calculated as the weekly wage (5days per week)* number of weeks hospitalized; for clinic visits, these were calculated as the hourly wage (daily wage / 8 hrs per work day) * number of hours spent on the visit.

^***Total patient incurred cost does not necessarily match the sum of ‘Total OOP cost’ and ‘Total Opportunity cost’ due to missing values for opportunity costs. (There were fifty missing values).

^****Total cost per episode as a single item, which was extrapolated from patients newly diagnosed with HIV, was $3.29 ($4.86) (see methods for description of imputation procedures).