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. 2020 Nov 11;10:19590. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76558-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inter-individual and temporal intra-individual variation in excretion of metabolites from coffee. (A) Excretion of six major urinary metabolites over 36 h after coffee consumption (n = 38) showing inter-individual variation. Values in grey boxes above columns indicate coefficient of variation (CV, %). (B) Excretion of six major urinary metabolites over 36 h after coffee consumption (n = 38) showing the CV of intra-individual metabolite concentrations, with error bars indicating standard deviation of CV values.* < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001, from student paired t-test.