Table 4.
Results of Cox Model for FASD and Hospitalizations/Mortality with Attained Age as Underlying Timescale.
| Hospitalization | All-Cause Mortality | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | ||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | 1.25 | 1.05 | – | 1.49 | 0.0114 | 1.33 | 1.07 | – | 1.67 | 0.0118 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Female | 1.01 | 0.93 | – | 1.11 | 0.7905 | 0.60 | 0.52 | – | 0.68 | < .0001 |
| Income | ||||||||||
| None | 1.15 | 0.86 | – | 1.53 | 0.3392 | 1.57 | 1.15 | – | 2.12 | 0.0040 |
| Low | 1.01 | 0.86 | – | 1.19 | 0.8948 | 0.68 | 0.53 | – | 0.88 | 0.0033 |
| Medium–low | 1.08 | 0.93 | – | 1.26 | 0.3094 | 0.84 | 0.66 | – | 1.08 | 0.1722 |
| Medium | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Medium–high | 1.04 | 0.91 | – | 1.20 | 0.5428 | 0.73 | 0.58 | – | 0.92 | 0.0066 |
| High | 1.00 | 0.88 | – | 1.15 | 0.9822 | 0.72 | 0.58 | – | 0.88 | 0.0018 |
| Medical Insurance | ||||||||||
| Medical Aid | – | – | ||||||||
| Insurance (Regional) | 1.12 | 1.02 | – | 1.22 | 0.0157 | 0.94 | 0.81 | – | 1.09 | 0.3999 |
| Insurance (Corporate) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Disability Type | ||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Mental | 1.44 | 1.14 | – | 1.82 | 0.0020 | 1.93 | 1.53 | – | 2.42 | < .0001 |
| Sensory | 1.23 | 0.81 | – | 1.86 | 0.3322 | 1.15 | 0.80 | – | 1.65 | 0.4668 |
| Intellectual | 2.20 | 1.23 | – | 3.95 | 0.0081 | 3.77 | 1.85 | – | 7.69 | 0.0003 |
| Other* | 2.19 | 1.35 | – | 3.56 | 0.0016 | 2.63 | 1.84 | – | 3.75 | < .0001 |
| Disability Severity | ||||||||||
| No Disability | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Level 1–2 | 1.24 | 0.91 | – | 1.70 | 0.1797 | 1.81 | 1.39 | – | 2.36 | < .0001 |
| Level 3–6 | – | – | ||||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| One | 1.42 | 1.19 | – | 1.68 | < .0001 | 0.69 | 0.50 | – | 0.94 | 0.0197 |
| Two | 1.84 | 1.53 | – | 2.20 | < .0001 | 0.84 | 0.63 | – | 1.13 | 0.2552 |
| ≥ Three | 2.75 | 2.36 | – | 3.21 | < .0001 | 0.73 | 0.57 | – | 0.94 | 0.0145 |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| City | 1.58 | 1.40 | – | 1.78 | < .0001 | 1.01 | 0.85 | – | 1.21 | 0.9054 |
| Other | 2.41 | 2.17 | – | 2.68 | < .0001 | 1.02 | 0.87 | – | 1.18 | 0.8263 |
| Year of Cohort Entry | ||||||||||
| 2003 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| 2004 | 1.57 | 1.33 | – | 1.84 | < .0001 | 1.23 | 0.95 | – | 1.59 | 0.1236 |
| 2005 | 2.52 | 2.05 | – | 3.11 | < .0001 | 1.43 | 1.04 | – | 1.97 | 0.0259 |
| 2006 | 2.94 | 2.23 | – | 3.86 | < .0001 | 1.62 | 1.12 | – | 2.35 | 0.0105 |
| 2007 | 5.97 | 4.55 | – | 7.82 | < .0001 | 1.53 | 1.05 | – | 2.21 | 0.0265 |
| 2008 | 7.77 | 5.95 | – | 10.16 | < .0001 | 2.11 | 1.53 | – | 2.92 | < .0001 |
| 2009 | 8.33 | 5.96 | – | 11.64 | < .0001 | 2.35 | 1.54 | – | 3.57 | < .0001 |
| 2010 | 16.72 | 12.09 | – | 23.12 | < .0001 | 2.62 | 1.71 | – | 4.03 | < .0001 |
| 2011 | 19.84 | 13.60 | – | 28.93 | < .0001 | 1.86 | 1.12 | – | 3.09 | 0.0171 |
| 2012 | 16.42 | 9.26 | – | 29.13 | < .0001 | 2.70 | 1.35 | – | 5.39 | 0.0050 |
| 2013 | – | – | – | |||||||
*Kidney, musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous system, developmental etc.