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. 2020 Nov 11;10:19512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76406-6

Table 4.

Results of Cox Model for FASD and Hospitalizations/Mortality with Attained Age as Underlying Timescale.

Hospitalization All-Cause Mortality
HR 95% CI p-value HR 95% CI p-value
Lower Upper Lower Upper
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
None 1.00 1.00
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder 1.25 1.05 1.49 0.0114 1.33 1.07 1.67 0.0118
Sex
Male 1.00 1.00
Female 1.01 0.93 1.11 0.7905 0.60 0.52 0.68  < .0001
Income
None 1.15 0.86 1.53 0.3392 1.57 1.15 2.12 0.0040
Low 1.01 0.86 1.19 0.8948 0.68 0.53 0.88 0.0033
Medium–low 1.08 0.93 1.26 0.3094 0.84 0.66 1.08 0.1722
Medium 1.00 1.00
Medium–high 1.04 0.91 1.20 0.5428 0.73 0.58 0.92 0.0066
High 1.00 0.88 1.15 0.9822 0.72 0.58 0.88 0.0018
Medical Insurance
Medical Aid
Insurance (Regional) 1.12 1.02 1.22 0.0157 0.94 0.81 1.09 0.3999
Insurance (Corporate) 1.00 1.00
Disability Type
None 1.00 1.00
Mental 1.44 1.14 1.82 0.0020 1.93 1.53 2.42  < .0001
Sensory 1.23 0.81 1.86 0.3322 1.15 0.80 1.65 0.4668
Intellectual 2.20 1.23 3.95 0.0081 3.77 1.85 7.69 0.0003
Other* 2.19 1.35 3.56 0.0016 2.63 1.84 3.75  < .0001
Disability Severity
No Disability 1.00 1.00
Level 1–2 1.24 0.91 1.70 0.1797 1.81 1.39 2.36  < .0001
Level 3–6
Charlson Comorbidity Index
None 1.00 1.00
One 1.42 1.19 1.68  < .0001 0.69 0.50 0.94 0.0197
Two 1.84 1.53 2.20  < .0001 0.84 0.63 1.13 0.2552
 ≥ Three 2.75 2.36 3.21  < .0001 0.73 0.57 0.94 0.0145
Region
Metropolitan 1.00 1.00
City 1.58 1.40 1.78  < .0001 1.01 0.85 1.21 0.9054
Other 2.41 2.17 2.68  < .0001 1.02 0.87 1.18 0.8263
Year of Cohort Entry
2003 1.00 1.00
2004 1.57 1.33 1.84  < .0001 1.23 0.95 1.59 0.1236
2005 2.52 2.05 3.11  < .0001 1.43 1.04 1.97 0.0259
2006 2.94 2.23 3.86  < .0001 1.62 1.12 2.35 0.0105
2007 5.97 4.55 7.82  < .0001 1.53 1.05 2.21 0.0265
2008 7.77 5.95 10.16  < .0001 2.11 1.53 2.92  < .0001
2009 8.33 5.96 11.64  < .0001 2.35 1.54 3.57  < .0001
2010 16.72 12.09 23.12  < .0001 2.62 1.71 4.03  < .0001
2011 19.84 13.60 28.93  < .0001 1.86 1.12 3.09 0.0171
2012 16.42 9.26 29.13  < .0001 2.70 1.35 5.39 0.0050
2013

*Kidney, musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous system, developmental etc.