Table 1.
Demographic and other characteristics for the entire sample and by diabetes status (normal glucose tolerance [NGT], pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes) defined by American Diabetes Association criteria using Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
| Characteristics | Entire sample (n = 350) |
NGT (n = 139) |
Pre-diabetes (n = 100) |
Type 2 Diabetes (n = 111) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.15 (3.34) | 63.69 (3.41) | 64.20 (3.04) | 64.68 (3.45) | 0.067 |
| Women, Number (%) | 252 (72.00%) | 106 (76.26%) | 72 (72.00%) | 74 (66.67%) | 0.24 |
| Hispanic subgroup Number (%) | |||||
| Dominican | 299 (85.43%) | 115 (82.73%) | 86 (86.00%) | 98 (88.29%) | 0.46 |
| Other Caribbean Hispanic | 21 (6.00%) | 9 (6.47%) | 6 (6.00%) | 6 (5.41%) | |
| South American | 18 (5.14%) | 9 (6.47%) | 5 (5.00%) | 4 (3.60%) | |
| Unspecified Hispanic | 7 (2.00%) | 5 (3.60%) | 2 (2.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
| Central American | 4 (1.14%) | 1 (0.72%) | 1 (1.00%) | 2 (1.80%) | |
| Education in years, mean (SD) | 10.54 (3.94) | 11.16 (3.43) | 10.35 (4.29) | 9.93 (4.12) | 0.042 |
| Medication Use, Number (%) | |||||
| Diabetes medications | 85 (24.29%) | 1 (0.72%) | 3 (3.00%) | 81 (72.97%) | <0.0001 |
| Metformin | 73 (20.86%) | 1 (0.72%) | 3 (3.00%) | 69 (62.16%) | <0.0001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 20 (5.71%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 20 (18.02%) | |
| DPP-4i | 16 (4.57%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.00%) | 15 (13.51%) | |
| PPAR | 6 (1.71%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 6 (5.41%) | |
| GLP-1a | 4 (1.14%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (3.60%) | |
| SGLT2i | 2 (0.57%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (1.80%) | |
| Blood pressure medications | 151 (43.14%) | 39 (28.06%) | 40 (40.00%) | 72 (64.86%) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid lowering medications | 131 (37.43%) | 36 (25.90%) | 33 (33.00%) | 62 (55.86%) | <0.0001 |
| APOE-ε4, Number (%) | 124 (35.43%) | 49 (35.25%) | 33 (33.00%) | 42 (37.84%) | 0.39 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 6.25 (1.32) | 5.41 (0.20) | 5.94 (0.21) | 7.55 (1.67) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.86 (4.96) | 27.48 (4.05) | 29.75 (5.48) | 29.80 (5.13) | 0.0001 |
| HDL mg/dL, mean (SD) | 54.33 (14.65) | 57.82 (15.14) | 53.94 (15.12) | 50.32 (12.49) | 0.0003 |
| LDL mg/dL , mean (SD) | 110.12 (34.46) | 120.94 (32.41) | 111.47 (31.64) | 95.25 (34.29) | <0.0001 |
| SBP mm Hg, mean (SD) | 134.16 (17.80) | 133.32 (18.26) | 134.05 (16.89) | 135.31 (18.13) | 0.68 |
| DBP mm Hg, mean (SD) | 82.65 (10.20) | 83.32 (9.99) | 82.57 (10.55) | 81.88 (10.18) | 0.54 |
SD = Standard deviation; DPP-4i = dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; SGLT2i = sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; GLP-1a = glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 agonist; PPAR = Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist; HbA1c =Hemoglobin A1c; HDL = High Density Lipoprotein; LDL= low density lipoprotein; SBP = Systolic Blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure.