Invasion‐stimulating effect of cancer‐associated fibroblasts on gastric cancer cells. (a) Conditioned medium from cancer‐associated fibroblasts, CaF‐29 or CaF‐33, significantly inhibited invasion by scirrhous gastric cancer cells, but were not affected by the normal fibroblasts, NF‐29 and NF‐33. Data are presented as mean ± SD (four samples per group). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. (b) Compared with the negative siRNA control, Smad2 siRNA significantly reduced the invasion of OCUM‐2MD3 cells stimulated by conditioned medium from CaF‐33. CaF, cancer‐associated orthotopic fibroblast; CM, conditioned medium; NF, normal orthotopic fibroblast; N.S., not significant.