Figure 2.

Pathophysiological Changes in the Heart and Adipose Tissue during the Development of Chronic Heart Failure

(A) Healthy state, with regular cardiac function (systolic and diastolic), normal circulating lipid and cytokine levels, and regular adipose tissue function.

(B) Heart failure, with increased sympathetic tone and natriuretic peptide levels, systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction, elevated circulating lipids and cytokines, and adipose tissue dysfunction.

e′, tissue Doppler-passive LV filling; EF, ejection fraction; E-wave, early passive LV filling; FS, fractional shortening; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; LV, left ventricular; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; TGRLP, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.