Table 3.

Quality of evidence assessment. Age, sex and comorbidities adjusted risk estimates for each ethnicity-outcome association, and application of GRADE principles towards rating confidence in risk estimates

	All-cause mortality	Hospitalisation	ICU	Ventilation	AKI or acute RRT	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Imprecision	Indirectness	Publication bias	Strong association	GRADE
Black	Ntrl	Ntrl	Ntrl	Ntrl	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–	High
Asian	Ntrl	Ntrl	NA	NA	NA	Down	–	–	Down	–	–	Low
Hispanic	Ntrl	↑*	Ntrl	Ntrl	NA	Down	–	–	Down	–	–	Low

GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, Ntrl neutral association, NA not applicable. ↑*Significant risk factor; ↑Potential risk factor; non-significant risk ratio > 1.5; risk ratio between 0.67 and 1.5; ↓Potentially protective; non-significant risk ratio < 0.67; ↓*Significant protective