TABLE. Demographic and clinical characteristics of health care personnel (HCP) with COVID-19-associated hospitalizations, overall and by type of patient contact* — COVID-NET, 13 states,† March 1–May 31, 2020.
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 438) |
Direct patient contact (N = 293) |
No direct patient contact (N = 145) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted no. (weighted %) | 95% CI | Unweighted no. (weighted %) | 95% CI | Unweighted no. (weighted %) | 95% CI | |
|
Type of patient contact
| ||||||
| Direct patient contact |
293 (67.4) |
(59.9–74.1) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| No direct patient contact |
145 (32.6) |
(25.9–40.1) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Age group (N = 438)
| ||||||
| 18–49 yrs |
278 (46.4) |
(39.1–53.7) |
183 (44.4) |
(35.7–53.4) |
95 (50.5) |
(37.6–63.4) |
| 50–64 yrs |
139 (46.1) |
(38.9–53.5) |
99 (51.0) |
(42.0–59.9) |
40 (36.0) |
(24.7–49.2) |
| ≥65 yrs |
21 (7.5) |
(4.1–13.3) |
11 (4.7) |
(2.0–10.7) |
10 (13.4) |
(5.9–27.7) |
| Median age in years (IQR) |
49 (38–57) |
— |
52 (38–57) |
— |
48 (37–57) |
— |
|
Race/Ethnicity (N = 438)
| ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic |
142 (27.4) |
(21.5–34.1) |
104 (33.3) |
(25.5–42.2) |
38 (15.0) |
(8.9–24.3) |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
184 (52.0) |
(44.5–59.5) |
113 (44.7) |
(35.6–54.1) |
71 (67.3) |
(55.2–77.4) |
| Hispanic or Latino |
48 (8.6) |
(5.3–13.8) |
30 (9.8) |
(5.3–17.3) |
18 (6.3) |
(3.4–11.3) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic |
39 (6.8) |
(4.2–10.8) |
29 (6.8) |
(4.0–11.5) |
10 (6.7) |
(2.5–16.9) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic |
12 (3.2) |
(1.5–6.6) |
10 (4.4) |
(2.0–9.6) |
2 (0.6) |
(0.1–2.3) |
| Multiple races |
1 (0.1) |
(0.0–0.7) |
1 (0.1) |
(0.0–1.0) |
— |
— |
| Unknown |
12 (1.9) |
(0.7–4.9) |
6 (0.8) |
(0.4–1.9) |
6 (4.1) |
(1.1–14.1) |
|
Sex (N = 438)
| ||||||
| Male |
131 (28.1) |
(21.8–35.3) |
88 (29.5) |
(21.8–38.6) |
43 (25.2) |
(15.6–37.9) |
| Female |
307 (71.9) |
(64.7–78.2) |
205 (70.5) |
(61.4–78.2) |
102 (74.8) |
(62.1–84.4) |
|
Underlying conditions (N = 438)
| ||||||
| Any underlying condition§ |
377 (89.8) |
(85.0–93.2) |
248 (87.8) |
(81.0–92.4) |
129 (94.0) |
(88.5–97.0) |
| Obesity (n = 396) |
270 (72.5) |
(65.2–78.7) |
177 (68.3) |
(58.8–76.4) |
93 (80.9) |
(70.3–88.4) |
| Hypertension |
158 (40.6) |
(33.5–48.2) |
103 (36.9) |
(28.6–46.1) |
55 (48.3) |
(35.4–61.4) |
| Chronic metabolic disease |
136 (36.7) |
(29.6–44.3) |
88 (32.6) |
(24.6–41.9) |
48 (45.1) |
(32.3–58.5) |
| Diabetes |
115 (30.9) |
(24.3–38.3) |
72 (24.7) |
(17.8–33.3) |
43 (43.6) |
(31.0–57.2) |
| Chronic lung disease |
125 (26.7) |
(20.6–33.9) |
88 (26.6) |
(19.5–35.3) |
37 (26.9) |
(16.6–40.6) |
| Asthma |
92 (18.3) |
(13.3–24.7) |
66 (17.4) |
(11.9–24.8) |
26 (20.2) |
(11.1–33.9) |
| Cardiovascular disease¶ |
45 (13.3) |
(8.7–19.9) |
27 (8.4) |
(4.8–14.4) |
18 (23.5) |
(13.0–38.6) |
| Pregnancy (n = 189)** |
34 (9.6) |
(6.5–14.0) |
22 (9.5) |
(5.8–15.2) |
12 (9.7) |
(4.9–18.4) |
| Immunocompromised condition |
28 (7.0) |
(4.1–11.8) |
17 (6.7) |
(3.5–12.5) |
11 (7.7) |
(2.9–19.0) |
|
Signs and symptoms upon admission (N = 438)
| ||||||
| Any symptoms |
411 (96.6) |
(94.4–98.0) |
276 (96.4) |
(93.1–98.1) |
135 (97.1) |
(94.5–98.5) |
| Shortness of breath |
339 (79.0) |
(72.0–84.5) |
226 (77.9) |
(69.1–84.7) |
113 (81.2) |
(68.8–89.5) |
| Cough |
324 (76.6) |
(69.7–82.3) |
218 (75.1) |
(66.2–82.3) |
106 (79.8) |
(68.6–87.7) |
| Fever/Chills |
323 (73.9) |
(66.7–80.1) |
220 (75.0) |
(66.0–82.2) |
103 (71.8) |
(58.6–82.2) |
| Muscle aches/Myalgias |
177 (35.9) |
(29.2–43.3) |
126 (38.4) |
(30.0–47.5) |
51 (30.9) |
(20.4–43.8) |
| Nausea/Vomiting |
145 (31.6) |
(25.0–39.1) |
99 (33.8) |
(25.5–43.1) |
46 (27.2) |
(17.3–40.1) |
| Headache |
123 (29.3) |
(22.8–36.7) |
79 (27.6) |
(20.0–36.8) |
44 (32.8) |
(21.7–46.2) |
| Diarrhea |
114 (24.8) |
(19.1–31.4) |
75 (27.7) |
(20.4–36.5) |
39 (18.6) |
(11.9–28.0) |
| Chest pain |
105 (23.9) |
(18.0–31.0) |
67 (25.6) |
(18.2–34.8) |
38 (20.5) |
(12.3–32.2) |
| Congested/Runny nose |
65 (14.6) |
(10.2–20.5) |
46 (14.5) |
(9.4–21.8) |
19 (14.8) |
(7.6–26.8) |
| Sore throat |
66 (14.2) |
(9.7–20.3) |
51 (17.1) |
(11.1–25.4) |
15 (8.1) |
(3.6–17.2) |
| Abdominal pain |
46 (12.4) |
(8.1–18.6) |
32 (13.3) |
(7.9–21.3) |
14 (10.8) |
(4.9–21.9) |
| Anosmia/Decreased smell |
40 (9.4) |
(5.7–15.1) |
26 (11.4) |
(6.3–19.7) |
14 (5.2) |
(2.6–10.1) |
| Dysgeusia/Decreased taste |
36 (6.8) |
(4.0–11.6) |
20 (5.7) |
(2.6–12.1) |
16 (9.2) |
(4.4–18.3) |
| Wheezing |
29 (5.7) |
(3.2–10.1) |
19 (4.6) |
(2.1–9.6) |
10 (8.2) |
(3.3–18.9) |
|
Hospital length of stay (median days, IQR)
|
4 (3–9) |
— |
4 (2–9) |
— |
5 (3–9) |
— |
|
Chest radiograph findings (N = 327)
| ||||||
| Infiltrate/Consolidation |
288 (86.9) |
(79.3–92.0) |
201 (91.4) |
(84.3–95.5) |
87 (76.8) |
(58.9–88.4) |
| Bronchopneumonia/Pneumonia |
84 (32.0) |
(24.1–41.0) |
58 (35.1) |
(25.3–46.3) |
26 (24.9) |
(13.9–40.5) |
| Pleural effusion |
11 (6.3) |
(3.0–13.1) |
5 (2.6) |
(0.8–7.6) |
6 (14.8) |
(5.8–33.0) |
|
Chest CT/MRI findings (N = 94)
| ||||||
| Infiltrate/Consolidation |
56 (61.2) |
(45.4–75.0) |
38 (53.5) |
(34.9–71.1) |
18 (77.0) |
(47.4–92.6) |
| Ground glass opacities |
57 (59.9) |
(44.0–73.9) |
40 (61.4) |
(42.4–77.5) |
17 (56.7) |
(29.5–80.3) |
| Bronchopneumonia/Pneumonia |
41 (46.5) |
(31.5–62.2) |
29 (41.0) |
(24.1–60.2) |
12 (57.9) |
(31.7–80.4) |
| Pleural effusion |
10 (9.3) |
(3.4–23.2) |
9 (10.7) |
(3.3–29.8) |
1 (6.4) |
(0.9–34.7) |
|
COVID–19 investigational treatments (N = 438)††
| ||||||
| Received treatment |
212 (48.2) |
(40.8–55.8) |
140 (47.5) |
(38.5–56.7) |
72 (49.8) |
(36.8–62.8) |
| Hydroxychloroquine§§ |
152 (35.5) |
(28.8–42.8) |
96 (35.4) |
(27.3–44.4) |
56 (35.6) |
(24.4–48.6) |
| Azithromycin¶¶ |
104 (25.9) |
(19.8–32.9) |
71 (25.6) |
(18.6–34.2) |
33 (26.3) |
(16.2–39.8) |
| Remdesivir§§ |
54 (10.6) |
(7.1–15.6) |
43 (11.0) |
(7.0–17.0) |
11 (9.8) |
(4.2–21.2) |
| Vitamins/minerals (i.e., vitamin C, zinc) |
14 (8.9) |
(5.0–15.6) |
12 (10.4) |
(5.4–19.0) |
2 (6.0) |
(1.5–20.8) |
| IL–6 inhibitors (i.e., tocilizumab, sarilumab) §§ |
46 (8.2) |
(5.6–12.0) |
24 (5.6) |
(3.2–9.4) |
22 (13.7) |
(7.8–23.0) |
| Convalescent plasma |
19 (5.1) |
(2.5–10.0) |
14 (5.4) |
(2.4–11.4) |
5 (4.5) |
(1.0–17.7) |
| Protease inhibitors (i.e., atazanavir, lopinavir/ritonavir)*** |
8 (1.7) |
(0.6–4.3) |
4 (0.6) |
(0.2–1.5) |
4 (4.0) |
(1.2–12.5) |
| Other††† |
8 (1.7) |
(0.6–4.2) |
8 (2.5) |
(0.9–6.2) |
— |
— |
|
ICU admission (N = 438)
|
116 (27.5) |
(21.3–34.7) |
80 (29.6) |
(21.9–38.6) |
36 (23.2) |
(14.2–35.6) |
| ICU length of stay (median days, IQR) |
6 (3–20) |
— |
6 (4–19) |
— |
5 (3–21) |
— |
|
Interventions/Treatments (N = 438)§§§
| ||||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation¶¶¶ |
65 (15.8) |
(11.1–22.0) |
44 (15.6) |
(10.2–23.1) |
21 (16.3) |
(8.5–28.9) |
| BIPAP/CPAP¶¶¶ |
13 (2.4) |
(1.2–5.0) |
9 (3.1) |
(1.3–7.0) |
4 (1.2) |
(0.4–3.1) |
| High flow nasal cannula¶¶¶ |
28 (5.2) |
(2.8–9.6) |
21 (6.8) |
(3.4–13.2) |
7 (2.0) |
(0.9–4.3) |
| Systemic steroids |
74 (17.7) |
(12.6–24.1) |
47 (16.9) |
(11.1–24.9) |
27 (19.2) |
(10.9–31.7) |
| Vasopressor (n = 436) |
60 (14.4) |
(10.0–20.3) |
41 (15.2) |
(9.9–22.8) |
19 (12.8) |
(6.4–23.9) |
| Renal replacement therapy |
13 (2.1) |
(1.0–4.6) |
9 (1.9) |
(0.8–4.8) |
4 (2.6) |
(0.7–9.7) |
|
Clinical discharge diagnoses (N = 438)
| ||||||
| Pneumonia (n = 437) |
213 (56.7) |
(49.3–63.8) |
148 (56.8) |
(47.7–65.4) |
65 (56.5) |
(43.5–68.7) |
| Acute respiratory failure |
170 (42.9) |
(35.6–50.6) |
117 (45.9) |
(36.8–55.2) |
53 (36.8) |
(25.1–50.2) |
| Sepsis (n = 437) |
63 (13.2) |
(9.0–18.8) |
44 (14.9) |
(9.6–22.4) |
19 (9.6) |
(4.4–19.6) |
| Acute renal failure (n = 437) |
46 (9.7) |
(6.4–14.3) |
28 (7.7) |
(4.6–12.5) |
18 (13.7) |
(7.1–24.8) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 437) |
38 (9.0) |
(5.5–14.4) |
24 (7.8) |
(4.3–13.7) |
14 (11.5) |
(4.9–24.3) |
| Deep vein thrombosis (n = 159) |
6 (7.4) |
(2.9–17.4) |
4 (7.9) |
(2.7–21.0) |
2 (6.3) |
(1.0–30.1) |
| Pulmonary embolism (n = 159) |
6 (6.0) |
(2.5–14.0) |
5 (7.7) |
(2.9–18.8) |
1 (2.5) |
(0.3–15.8) |
| Died during hospitalization (N = 438) | 16 (4.2) | (2.2–7.7) | 11 (4.1) | (1.9–8.6) | 5 (4.3) | (1.4–12.5) |
Abbreviations: BIPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CI = confidence interval; COVID–19 = coronavirus disease 2019; COVID–NET = COVID–19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; CT = computed tomography; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.
* Reported HCP were categorized as those generally expected and those generally not expected to have direct patient contact based on HCP type.
† Sites located in the following 13 states: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah.
§ Defined as any of the following: chronic lung disease, chronic metabolic disease, blood disorder/hemoglobinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disorder, immunocompromised condition, renal disease, gastrointestinal/liver disease, rheumatologic/autoimmune/inflammatory condition, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), and pregnancy.
¶ Excluding hypertension.
** Pregnancy was assessed among female patients aged 18–49 years; two pregnant patients were admitted to the ICU, and one required invasive mechanical ventilation.
†† Assessed as nonmutually exclusive treatment categories.
§§ Includes treatments administered as off–label, for compassionate use, or as part of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for which the patient might have received treatment or a placebo: hydroxychloroquine (two), remdesivir (six), tocilizumab (one), and sarilumab (two).
¶¶ Given with at least one other COVID-19 investigational treatment.
*** Not given for human immunodeficiency virus infection.
††† Eight patients received at least one of the following treatments: RCT for baricitinib (three), dexamethasone (three), cyclosporine (one), RCT for losartan (one), and RCT for LY3127804 (one).
§§§ Five (1.9%) patients received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and two (0.2%) received intravenous immunoglobulin.
¶¶¶ Highest level of respiratory support for each patient that needed respiratory support.