Table 2.
Antibiotic resistance genes detected in resistant E. coli isolated from water samples of the Kshipra river in India in various seasons over a 3-year period.
| River Water Samples | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic Resistance Genes | First Year | Second Year | Third Year | p-Value * | ||||||||||
| Summer | Rainy | Autumn | Winter | Summer | Rainy | Autumn | Winter | Summer | Rainy | Autumn | Winter | |||
| Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | Resistance n (%) | |||
| Cephalosporin resistance genes | CTX-M1 a | 8 (22) | 10 (31) | 9 (50) | 8 (19) | 9 (30) | 12 (40) | 11 (57) | 9 (27) | 9 (24) | 11 (34) | 14 (66) | 12 (21) | 0.00 |
| CTX-M9 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.84 | |
| Quinolone resistance genes | Qnr B b | 1 (5) | 2 (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.77 |
| Qnr S b | 2 (10) | 6 (23) | 2 (8) | 7 (16) | 6 (15) | 4 (17) | 3 (14) | 7 (17) | 6 (18) | 8 (23) | 2 (7) | 5 (10) | 0.27 | |
| Sulfa resistance genes | Sul-I c | 2 (5) | 4 (12) | 3 (12) | 4 (12) | 8 (25) | 3 (10) | 5 (22) | 5 (17) | 10 (26) | 5 (17) | 3 (13) | 7 (16) | 0.82 |
| Sul-II c | 4 (10) | 6 (18) | 5 (20) | 4 (12) | 5 (15) | 9 (31) | 5 (22) | 5 (17) | 4 (10) | 7 (25) | 7 (31) | 7 (16) | 0.003 | |
River water samples—first, second, and third year, respectively. a Summer-35/30/37, Rain-32/30/32, Autumn-18/19/21, Winter-42/33/55. b Summer-20/40/32, Rain-26/23/34, Autumn-25/21/26, Winter-43/39/49. c Summer-40/32/38, Rain-33/29/28, Autumn-24/22/22, Winter-33/28/44. * The p-value is a comparison of the prevalence of genes in isolates in different seasons over three years.