Table 1.

Biological activity of essential oils of Monarda species and their major constituents (literature survey).

Monarda spp.	Biological Activity	Major Constituents	Ref.
M. didyma L.	Nematotoxic	Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, and thymol	[11]
	Antifungal	Thymol, carvacrol, α-terpinene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene	[12,13]
	Phytotoxic	Essential oil	[14]
	Antimicrobial	Thymol	[10]
	-	Thymol, thymol methyl ether	[8]
M. fistulosa L.	Nematotoxic	Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, and thymol	[11]
	Antiseborrheic	Essential oil	[15]
	Repellent	Carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, carvacrol methyl ether	[16]
	-	Thymol, carvacrol, thymoquinone	[17,18]
	Antifungal	Geraniol, geranial, geranyl formate, p-cymene	[13]
	Antioxidant	Essential oil, thymol, carvacrol	[19]
	Antimicrobial	Thymol	[10]
M. fistulosa, M. didyma	-	Geraniol, linalool, thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole	[20]
M. bradburiana Beck	Repellent	Carvacrol, carvacrol methyl ether, thymol, eugenol	[16]
M. punctata L.	Antilipase	Carvacrol	[7]
	Antibacterial	Thymol, p-cymene, limonene, carvacrol	[24]
	Fungicidal	Thymol	[22]
M. citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.	Antimicrobial	Essential oil, hydrolate	[23]
	Antibacterial	Thymol, 1,8-cineole, α-phellandrene, p-cymene	[24]
	Antifungal	β-Caryophyllene, citral, limonene, cis-verbenol	[25]
	Anticancer (in vitro)	Essential oil, thymol	[26]
M. citriodora var. citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.	Antioxidant, antimicrobial	Essential oil	[27]
M. menthifolia Graham	-	p-Cymene, carvacrol, hydrothymoquinone, geraniol, linalool	[29]
M. pectinata Nutt.	-	Carvacrol	[29]
Monarda spp.	Antiplasmodial	Essential oil, thymoquinone	[28]