Table 4.
Multivariable Poisson regression models estimating adjusteda rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each category of cumulative dicamba intensity-weighted days of use lagged 10 and 20 years, compared with no exposure, for selected cancer sites
| Cancer site | 10-Year exposure lag |
20-Year exposure lag |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | RR (95% CI) | n | RR (95% CI) | ||||
| All sitesb | |||||||
| 0 | 3945 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 4848 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 882 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 5.0–315.0 | 668 | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 884 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 315.1–937.5 | 627 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 880 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 937.6–2800.0 | 646 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | ||
| >3315.0 | 881 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | >2800.0 | 644 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | ||
| P trend c | 0.28 | P trend | 0.08 | ||||
| Tonsilb | |||||||
| 0 | 11 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 14 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–1120.0 | 7 | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 5.0–937.5 | 6 | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | ||
| >1120.0 | 5 | 0.60 (0.38–0.96) | >937.5 | 3 | 0.49 (0.28–0.87) | ||
| P trend | 0.01 | P trend | 0.01 | ||||
| Colond | |||||||
| 0 | 275 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 335 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 56 | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | 5.0–315.0 | 53 | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 56 | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 315.1–937.5 | 41 | 0.93 (0.67–1.31) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 64 | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 937.6–2800.0 | 39 | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) | ||
| >3315.0 | 60 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | >2800.0 | 41 | 1.01 (0.71–1.42) | ||
| P trend | 0.59 | P trend | 0.84 | ||||
| Liver and bile ductd,e | |||||||
| 0 | 45 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 46 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 2 | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 5.0–315.0 | 2 | 0.65 (0.39–1.09) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 6 | 1.23 (0.87–1.75) | 315.1–937.5 | 8 | 1.31 (0.89–1.92) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 6 | 1.34 (0.96–1.86) | 937.6–2800.0 | 4 | 1.76 (1.26–2.45) | ||
| >3315.0 | 12 | 1.80 (1.32–2.43) | >2800.0 | 11 | 1.91 (1.39–2.63) | ||
| P trend | <0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | ||||
| Liverd,e | |||||||
| 0 | 38 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 39 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–1120.0 | 4 | 0.52 (0.17–1.57) | 5.0–937.5 | 4 | 0.82 (0.28–2.44) | ||
| >1120.0 | 13 | 1.18 (0.54–2.58) | >937.5 | 12 | 1.88 (0.89–3.99) | ||
| P trend | 0.44 | P trend | 0.08 | ||||
| Bile ductd,e | |||||||
| 0 | 7 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 7 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–1120.0 | 4 | 1.49 (0.88–2.53) | 5.0–937.5 | 6 | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | ||
| >1120.0 | 5 | 2.49 (1.49–4.15) | >937.5 | 3 | 2.71 (1.66–4.42) | ||
| P trend | <0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | ||||
| Lungb | |||||||
| 0 | 464 | 0 | 517 | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 5.0–396.0 | 47 | 0.65 (0.47–0.92) | 5.0–315.0 | 35 | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 57 | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 315.1–937.5 | 41 | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 60 | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 937.6–2800.0 | 47 | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | ||
| >3315.0 | 61 | 0.75 (0.56–1.02) | >2800.0 | 43 | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) | ||
| P trend | 0.17 | P trend | 0.21 | ||||
| Kidneyb,d | |||||||
| 0 | 136 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 157 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 21 | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) | 5.0–315.0 | 19 | 0.99 (0.60–1.61) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 34 | 1.09 (0.71–1.68) | 315.1–937.5 | 33 | 1.76 (1.18–2.62) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 33 | 1.12 (0.74–1.71) | 937.6–2800.0 | 24 | 1.27 (0.81–2.00) | ||
| >3315.0 | 36 | 1.37 (0.91–2.06) | >2800.0 | 27 | 1.61 (1.04–2.50) | ||
| P trend | 0.08 | P trend | 0.04 | ||||
| Myeloid leukaemia | |||||||
| 0 | 53 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 67 | |||
| 5.0–396.0 | 12 | 1.04 (0.81–1.34) | 5.0–315.0 | 10 | 0.54 (0.39–0.77) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 14 | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 315.1–937.5 | 10 | 0.65 (0.48–0.89) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 14 | 0.67 (0.51–0.89) | 937.6–2800.0 | 9 | 0.43 (0.30–0.62) | ||
| >3315.0 | 9 | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | >2800.0 | 6 | 0.50 (0.35–0.71) | ||
| P trend | <0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | ||||
| Acute/other lymphocytic leukaemia | |||||||
| 0 | 6 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 8 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–1120.0 | 3 | 0.64 (0.32–1.27) | 5.0–937.5 | 2 | 0.22 (0.08–0.62) | ||
| >1120.0 | 7 | 1.25 (0.72–2.16) | >937.5 | 6 | 0.97 (0.58–1.65) | ||
| P trend | 0.12 | P trend | 0.50 | ||||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoid malignancies | |||||||
| 0 | 291 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 369 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 81 | 1.10 (0.85–1.44) | 5.0–315.0 | 62 | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 84 | 1.15 (0.87–1.50) | 315.1–937.5 | 63 | 1.16 (0.88–1.54) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 81 | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 937.6–2800.0 | 61 | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | ||
| >3315.0 | 83 | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | >2800.0 | 60 | 1.25 (0.94–1.68) | ||
| P trend | 0.24 | P trend | 0.16 | ||||
| Chronic/small lymphocytic leukaemia | |||||||
| 0 | 65 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 78 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–396.0 | 16 | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) | 5.0–315.0 | 17 | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | ||
| 396.1–1120.0 | 25 | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 315.1–937.5 | 22 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | ||
| 1120.1–3315.0 | 24 | 0.80 (0.66–0.99) | 937.6–2800.0 | 18 | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) | ||
| >3315.0 | 25 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | >2800.0 | 18 | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | ||
| P trend | 0.98 | P trend | 0.27 | ||||
| Mantle cell lymphoma | |||||||
| 0 | 7 | 1.00 (ref) | 0 | 13 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 5.0–1120.0 | 12 | 3.12 (2.07–4.68) | 5.0–937.5 | 4 | 0.94 (0.57–1.54) | ||
| >1120.0 | 6 | 1.75 (1.06–2.89) | >937.5 | 7 | 1.65 (1.06–2.58) | ||
| P trend | 0.63 | P trend | 0.02 | ||||
a
Adjusted for age, race, sex, state, applicator type, education, imazethapyr, smoking (current, former, never), family history of cancer.
b
Additionally adjusted for pack-years smoked (tertiles by smoking status).
c
P-value for trend using a Wald test.
d
Additionally adjusted for body mass index.
e
Additionally adjusted for alcohol consumption.