Table 1.

Diversity and characterization of carbapenemase-encoding genes in integrative and conjugative element-associated genomes

MPF family	CEG	Integrase type	Relaxase type	Bacterial species	MGEs flanking the CEGs	ICE length (kb)*	References
MPFG (n=43)	AFM-1 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Bordetella trematum	Flanked by IS91 family ISs	130	This study
	DIM-1 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In flanked by IS6100	89	This study, [6]
	GES-5 (n=5)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	93–116	This study, [6]
	GES-24 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	63	This study
	IMP-1 (n=4)	INT_P4_C, INT_Rci_Hp1_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	76–109	This study, [6]
	IMP-13 (n=9)	INT_P4_C, INT_Rci_Hp1_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	65–89	This study, [6]
	IMP-14 (n=2)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Achromobacter xylosoxidans	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	106–122	This study
	IMP-16 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas monteilii	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	86	This study
	IMP-54 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	91	This study
	KPC-2 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Tn4401	115	This study, [43]
	NDM-1 (n=12)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas asiatica, Morganella morganii	Next to (or flanked by) IS91 family ISs	97–167	This study, [44, 45]
	VIM-2 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	65	This study
	VIM-4 (n=4)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Alcaligenes faecalis	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	88–102	This study
MPFT (n=16)	AFM-1 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBP	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	Flanked by IS91 family ISs	77	This study
	KPC-2 (n=1)	INT_Rci_Hp1_C	MOBP	Pseudomonas sp.	Next to ISKpn6 and IS26	62	This study, [6]
	NDM-1 (n=3)	INT_P4_C, INT_Rci_Hp1_C	MOBP	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas asiatica	Flanked by IS91 family ISs	73–74	This study, [35]
	SPM-1 (n=11)	INT_Rci_Hp1_C	MOBP	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Flanked by ISCR3-like elements	44–58	This study, [36]
MPFF (n=3)	IMP-6 (n=1)	DNA_BRE_C	MOBF	Escherichia coli	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	118	This study
	KPC-2 (n=2)	DNA_BRE_C	MOBF	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Tn4401	75	This study
Incomplete MPFG (n=2)	IMP-8 (n=1)	DNA_BRE_C	MOBH	Enterobacter cloacae	Class I In within Tn3-like Tn	124	This study, [46]
	NDM-1 (n=1)	INT_P4_C	MOBH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Flanked by ISCR3-like elements	98	This study
Incomplete MPFT (n=1)	KPC-2 (n=1)	INT_Rci_Hp1_C	na	Achromobacter sp.	Next to ISKpn6 and IS26	43	This study
Incomplete MPFF (n=1)	NDM-5 (n=1)	DNA_BRE_C	na	Escherichia coli	Flanked by ISCR1 and IS26	54	This study, [47]

*Some sequences are not complete. For more details, please refer to Table S5.

CEG, carbapenemase-encoding gene; DNA_BRE_C, DNA breaking–rejoining enzymes, C-terminal catalytic domain; ICE, integrative and conjugative elements; In, integron; INT_P4_C, P4 integrase, C-terminal catalytic domain; INT_Rci_Hp1_C, shufflon-specific DNA recombinase Rci and bacteriophage Hp1_like integrase, C-terminal catalytic domain family; MPF, mating pair formation; na, no hit; ST, sequence type.