Table 3.
Glucuronidation of highly water soluble compounds
| Compound | ACS Number | Chemical Structure | Glucuronidation Pathway | Metabolite found in | Species studied | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genistein | 446-72-0 |  |
Primary, greater than 50% | Urine, feces and blood | Mice, rats, humans | (Adlercreutz et al., 1993; Bloedon et al., 2002; Busby et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2003a; An and Morris, 2011; Yang et al., 2012) |
| EGCG | 989-51-5 |  |
Minor, about 7.5% | Blood, urine, bile, | Rats, mice, humans, dogs | (Vaidyanathan and Walle, 2002) |
| Catechin | 88191-48-4 |  |
Primary, greater than 50% | Blood, bile, urine, | Rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, humans | (Kuhnle et al., 2000) |
| Rutin | 153-18-4 |  |
Rarely, about 2%. Most were metabolites of its aglycone | Blood, urine, | Rats, humans, filamentous fungi | (Jaganath et al., 2006) |
| Puerarin | 3681-99-0 |  |
Minor, about 5%. Some were metabolites of its aglycone | Blood, urine, bile | Rats, humans | (Luo et al., 2012) |
| Epicatechin | 35323-91-2 |  |
Primary, greater than 45% | Blood, | Rats, humans, dogs, | (Crespy et al., 2004) |
| Calycosin-7-O-Glucuronide | 20633-67-4 |  |
Minor, about 5% | Blood, | Rats | (Shi et al., 2015) |
| Protocatechuic Aldehyde | 139-85-5 |  |
greater than 30% | Urine | Rats, pigs | (Liu et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2013) |
| Dopamine | 51-61-6 |  |
greater than 25% | Brain | Rats, mice | (Uutela et al., 2009) |
| Bilirubin | 635-65-4 |  |
greater than 50% | Liver | Human | (Ma et al., 2014) |
| Etoposide | 33419-42-0 |  |
greater than 50% | Blood, urine, bile | Rats, rabbits, humans | (Hande et al., 1988a; Hande et al., 1988b; Wen et al., 2007) |
| 5-Hydroxytryptophol | 154-02-9 |  |
greater than 50% | Urine, | Humans, | (Stephanson et al., 2005) |
| 4-Nitrophenol | 100-02-7 |  |
About 40% | Urine, bile | Rats, | (Meerman et al., 1987) |
| Edaravone | 89-25-8 |  |
greater than 70% | Urine | humans | (Ma et al., 2012) |
| Zidovudine | 30516-87-1 |  |
greater than 50% | Blood, | Humans, | (Nadal et al., 1996) |
| Morphine | 57-27-2 |  |
greater than 50% | Blood, muscle, fat, brain | Humans, | (Frost et al., 2015) |
| Nicotine | 22083-74-5 |  |
Minor, about 5–10% | Blood, | Humans, | (Kaivosaari et al., 2007) |
| Imipramine | 50-49-7 |  |
greater than 20% | Blood, urine | Humans, rabbits | (Qian and Zeng, 2006) |
| Benzotriazole | 95-14-7 |  |
greater than 20% | Blood | Rats, | (Town et al., 1993) |
| Chloramphenicol | 56-75-7 |  |
greater than 50% | Liver | bovine, equine, porcine | (Fedeniuk et al., 2015) |