Table 5. Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual and community level determinants of institutional delivery in Ethiopia, 2016.
| Variable | Null model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level factors | ||||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–4 | 0.49 [0.39, 0.62]** | 0.48 [0.34, 0.68]** | ||
| >4 | 0.46 [0.34, 0.61]** | 0.48 [0.32, 0.74]** | ||
| Women age (in years) | ||||
| <20 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–34 | 0.87 [0.62, 1.21] | 0.81 [0.52, 1.26] | ||
| ≥35 | 0.88 [0.60, 1.30] | 0.78 [0.45, 1.35] | ||
| Preceding birth interval (in months) | ||||
| < 24 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 24–47 | 1.25 [0.99, 1.58] | 1.26 [0.88, 1.80] | ||
| ≥ 48 | 1.52 [1.18, 1.95]** | 1.51 [1.03, 2.20]* | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.52 [1.28, 1.80]** | 1.47 [1.16, 1.87]** | ||
| Secondary and higher | 3.94 [2.82, 5.51]** | 3.44[2.19, 5.42]** | ||
| Husband education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.07 [0.90, 1.27] | 1.06 [0.81, 1.40] | ||
| Secondary and above | 1.41 [1.13, 1.76]** | 1.36 [0.99, 1.86] | ||
| Number of ANC visit | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–3 | 4.04 [3.31, 4.94]** | 3.88 [2.77, 5.43]** | ||
| ≥ 4 | 7.15 [5.85, 8.73]** | 6.53 [4.69, 9.10]** | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poorer | 1.67 [1.31, 2.13]** | 1.59 [1.10,2.30]* | ||
| Middle | 1.54 [1.20, 1.97]** | 1.44 [0.99, 2.08] | ||
| Richer | 1.64 [1.26, 2.13]** | 1.46 [0.99, 2.16] | ||
| Richest | 5.20 [3.82, 7.09]** | 2.44 [1.54, 3.87]** | ||
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Female | 1.06 [0.86, 1.30] | 1.01 [0.74, 1.38] | ||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.12 [0.95, 1.32] | 1.00 [0.78, 1.29] | ||
| Covered by health insurance | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.58 [1.12, 2.24]** | 1.59 [0.93, 2.74] | ||
| Multiple gestation | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Twin | 2.45 [1.49, 4.01]** | 2.35 [0.96, 5.76] | ||
| Community level factors | ||||
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Not a big concern | 1 | 1 | ||
| Big concern | 1.34[1.10, 1.63]** | 1.20 [0.96, 1.51] | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | ||
| Urban | 15.26[9.89, 23.56] | 4.70 [2.76, 8.01]** | ||
| Community media exposure | ||||
| Lower | 1 | 1 | ||
| Higher | 2.91 [2.11, 4.01] | 2.01 [1.44, 2.79]** | ||
| Region | ||||
| Pastoral | 1 | 1 | ||
| Semi pastoral | 3.17 [1.97, 5.10] | 1.37 [0.80, 2.33] | ||
| City administration | 12.91[7.6321.83] | 3.13 [1.77, 5.55]** | ||
| Agrarian | 3.33 [2.26, 4.92] | 1.39 [0.89, 2.17] | ||
| Constant | 0.49[0.40,0.60] | 0.08 [0.05, 0.12] | 0.04 [0.03, 0.06] | 0.04 [0.02, 0.08] |
Note;
* = p-value<0.05,
** = p-value<0.01.