Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Burden of Comorbidities in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Heart Failure
| Variable, N (%) |
2002–2006 (n=297 112) |
2007–2011 (n=4 039 603) |
2012–2016 (n=7 469 964) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 73.0 (13.6) | 73.6 (14.0) | 72.5 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 167 152 (56.3) | 2 084 589 (51.6) | 3 687 864 (49.4) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 157 595 (73.3) | 2 553 894 (72.7) | 5 101 784 (71.4) | <0.001 |
| Black | 38 362 (17.8) | 590 572 (16.8) | 1 223 065 (17.1) | |
| Hispanic | 12 337 (5.7) | 220 037 (6.3) | 483 690 (6.8) | |
| Other | 6699 (3.2) | 149 707 (4.2) | 341 180 (4.8) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 286 (0.1) | 6305 (0.2) | 12 090 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 7129 (2.4) | 107 309 (2.7) | 250 320 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic artery disease | 134 908 (44.0) | 2 166 795 (51.3) | 3 872 004 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 57 864 (19.9) | 1 152 422 (28.5) | 2 345 870 (31.4) | <0.001 |
| Collagen vascular disease | 6357 (2.2) | 116 487 (2.9) | 251 930 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 105 604 (36.2) | 1 390 074 (34.4) | 2 796 605 (37.4) | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 11 453 (3.9) | 248 375 (6.1) | 629 805 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 17 453 (6.0) | 361 854 (9.0) | 815 905 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 113 242 (38.9) | 1 662 937 (41.1) | 3 346 645 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 154 908 (53.2) | 2 614 742 (64.7) | 5 178 669 (69.3) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 5142 (1.8) | 92 739 (2.3) | 262 205 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Lymphoma | 2406 (0.8) | 40 655 (1.0) | 82 030 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Neurological disorders | 14 519 (5.0) | 293 484 (7.3) | 615 720 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 26 838 (9.2) | 584 480 (14.5) | 1 619 885 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 25 999 (8.9) | 493 630 (12.2) | 1 023 120 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Paralysis | 4236 (1.5) | 87 401 (2.2) | 190 855 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 5460 (1.9) | 181 991 (4.5) | 337 795 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumors | 4884 (1.7) | 73 846 (1.8) | 147 185 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 60 743 (20.8) | 1 473 343 (36.5) | 3 095 580 (41.4) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer | 296 (0.1) | 1351 (0.0) | 147 185 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 14 160 (4.9) | 262 093 (6.5) | 557 755 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Hospital location | ||||
| Rural | 40 345 (13.6) | 479 686 (11.9) | 775 310 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Urban nonteaching | 120 745 (40.6) | 1 717 713 (42.5) | 2 362 484 (31.6) | |
| Urban teaching | 136 056 (45.8) | 1 842 335 (45.6) | 4 332 170 (58.0) | |
| Bed size of the hospital | ||||
| Small | 29 188 (9.8) | 444 429 (11.0) | 1 200 100 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 82 582 (27.8) | 981 131 (24.3) | 2 121 964 (28.4) | |
| Large | 185 376 (62.4) | 2 614 174 (64.7) | 4 147 900 (55.5) | |
| Median household income percentile | ||||
| 0–25th | 89 755 (31.0) | 1 208 602 (30.6) | 2 338 315 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| 26th–50th | 71 958 (24.8) | 1 059 623 (26.8) | 1 937 944 (26.4) | |
| 51st–75th | 68 443 (23.6) | 936 898 (23.7) | 1 699 145 (23.2) | |
| 76th–100th | 59 554 (20.6) | 749 978 (19.0) | 1 356 950 (18.5) | |
| Primary expected payer | ||||
| Medicare | 229 646 (77.4) | 3 104 447 (77.0) | 5 677 334 (76.1) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 17 628 (5.9) | 263 393 (6.5) | 596 800 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Private insurance | 37 618 (12.7) | 487 046 (12.1) | 854 250 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Self‐pay | 7471 (2.5) | 109 160 (2.7) | 189 405 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| No charge | 617 (0.2) | 9107 (0.2) | 15 985 (0.2) | <0.001 |