Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With and Without Impaired g‐CFR (g‐CFR <1.8)
| Total (n=116) | With Impaired g‐CFR (n=29) | Without Impaired g‐CFR (n=87) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 65±11 | 69±12 | 64±10 | 0.03 |
| Male, n (%) | 92 (79.3) | 25 (83.3) | 59 (81.9) | 0.6 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.698 (1.568–1.816) | 1.652 (1.506–1.747) | 1.722 (1.584–1.839) | 0.07 |
| Systolic blood pressure at presentation, mm Hg | 122±11 | 121±12 | 123±11 | 0.4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at presentation, mm Hg | 71±9 | 69±9 | 71±10 | 0.2 |
| Mean blood pressure at presentation, mm Hg | 88±9 | 86±8 | 89±9 | 0.2 |
| Heart rate at presentation, bpm | 69±11 | 67±12 | 70±11 | 0.2 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 78 (67.2) | 19 (65.5) | 59 (67.8) | 0.8 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 61 (52.6) | 16 (55.2) | 45 (51.7) | 0.8 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 42 (36.2) | 10 (34.5) | 32 (36.8) | 0.8 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 46 (39.7) | 10 (34.5) | 36 (41.4) | 0.5 |
| Family history, n (%) | 12 (10.3) | 1 (3.4) | 11 (12.6) | 0.2 |
| Prescription at admission | ||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 23 (19.8) | 7 (24.1) | 16 (18.4) | 0.9 |
| Statin, n (%) | 25 (21.6) | 7 (24.1) | 18 (20.7) | 0.7 |
| ACE‐I or ARB, n (%) | 40 (34.5) | 8 (27.6) | 32 (36.8) | 0.4 |
| β‐blocker, n (%) | 8 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (5.7) | 0.4 |
| Calcium antagonist, n (%) | 45 (38.8) | 13 (44.8) | 32 (36.8) | 0.4 |
| NSTE‐ACS presentation | ||||
| NSTEMI/UAP, n (%) | 86 (74.1)/30 (25.9) | 22 (75.9)/7 (24.1) | 64 (73.6)/23 (26.4) | 0.8 |
| Killip class, n (%) | 0.1 | |||
| I | 109 (94.0) | 25 (86.2) | 84 (96.6) | |
| II | 4 (3.4) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (2.3) | |
| III | 3 (2.6) | 2 6.9) | 1 (1.1) | |
| IV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| GRACE score | 124 (106–146) | 126 (110–153) | 123 (104–143) | 0.3 |
| Coronary angiography | ||||
| Culprit lesion location; RCA/LAD/LCx, n (%) | 32 (27.6)/56 (48.3)/28 (24.1) | 13 (44.8)/13 (44.8)/3 (10.3) | 19 (21.8)/43 (49.4)/25 (28.7) | 0.03 |
| TIMI flow grade at baseline, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
| 0 | 14 (12.1) | 7 (24.1) | 7 (80) | |
| 1 | 6 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (6.9) | |
| 2 | 27 (23.3) | 5 (17.2) | 22 (2.3) | |
| 3 | 89 (59.5) | 17 (58.6) | 52 (59.8) | |
| TIMI flow grade at final, n (%) | 0.2 | |||
| 0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 2 | 8 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (5.7) | |
| 3 | 108 (93.1) | 26 (89.7) | 82 (94.3) | |
| Multi‐vessel disease, n (%) | 60 (51.7) | 17 (58.6) | 43 (49.4) | 0.4 |
| ad‐hoc PCI of the non‐infarct‐related artery during the index procedure, n (%) | 8 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (5.7) | 0.4 |
| Staged PCI of the non‐infarct‐related artery during the index hospitalization, n (%) | 26 (22.4) | 8 (27.6) | 18 (20.7) | 0.4 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| T‐chol, mg/dL | 192 (165–214) | 199 (179–209) | 187 (160–217) | 0.4 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 114 (91–148) | 114 (103–150) | 114 (89–142) | 0.7 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 46 (40–54) | 48 (42–60) | 45 (40–53) | 0.2 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 116 ([78–183) | 109 (72–188) | 122 (81–180) | 0.7 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.79 (0.64–0.91) | 0.85 (0.70–0.96) | 0.77 (0.63–0.88) | 0.03 |
| eGFR, mL·min−1·1.73m−2 | 74.2 (62.2–86.5) | 66.1 (60.1–80.1) | 75.4 (64.2–87.9) | 0.1 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.1 (5.6–7.0) | 6.2 (5.7–6.7) | 6.1 (5.6–7.0) | 0.8 |
| NT‐proBNP, ng/L | 244.5 (113.5–842.0) | 472.0 (154.8–1182.5) | 222.0 (103.0–594.8) | 0.03 |
| cTnI at presentation, ng/L | 149.5 (30.0–1097.5) | 230.0 (28.3–4847.8) | 137.0 (30.0–499.8) | 0.3 |
| Peak CK, IU/L | 248 (126–688) | 306 (171–740) | 216 (119–642) | 0.2 |
| Peak CK‐MB, IU/L | 24 (13–58) | 32 (17–63) | 19 (12–55) | 0.2 |
| hs‐CRP, mg/dL | 0.175 (0.065–0.585) | 0.320 (0.128–1.785) | 0.130 (0.060–0.367) | 0.01 |
| CT data | ||||
| Whole LV mass volume, cm3 | 153.1 (125.2–173.3) | 143.6 (122.6–184.3) | 155.0 (125.6–166.9) | 1.0 |
| Whole LV mass volume, g | 161.5 (135.1–182.9) | 151.5 (129.3–194.5) | 163.5 (132.5–176.0) | 1.0 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 90.4 (80.0–108.3) | 94.1 (78.5–123.2) | 89.3 (80.5–107.1) | 0.4 |
| Area at risk mass volume, % | 27.5 (18.7–34.6) | 26.6 (14.5–31.5) | 27.5 (19.1–36.2) | 0.2 |
| Area at risk mass volume, cm3 | 39.6 (25.9–53.7) | 36.3 (22.9–48.8) | 42.4 (27.2–54.3) | 0.3 |
| Area at risk mass volume, g | 41.8 (27.3–56.6) | 38.3 (24.2–51.5) | 44.7 (28.7–57.3) | 0.3 |
| Mean PCATA | −70.5 (−75.0 to −65.2) | −69.6 (−72.5 to −61.5) | −70.95 (−75.3 to −67.2) | 0.03 |
| Highest PCATA among major 3 vessels | −64.1 (−70.5 to −59.9) | −62.5 (−67.1 to −57.8) | −65.1 (−71.3 to −60.7) | 0.07 |
| Culprit‐vessel PCATA | −70.3 (−75.3 to −63.6) | −69.7 (−75.7 to −59.1) | −70.6 (−75.1 to −65.1) | 0.4 |
| RCA PCATA | −72.9 (−78.3 to −67.1) | −70.0 (−75.7 to −62.4) | −73.5 (−79.3 to −68.9) | 0.03 |
| CMR indices | ||||
| EDV, mL | 111.5 (92.4–129.0) | 106.6 (94.8–135.7) | 113.5 (92.2–128.4) | 0.9 |
| ESV, mL | 43.8 (34.4–54.2) | 44.1 (34.8–62.6) | 43.4 (34.4–53.6) | 0.8 |
| EF, % | 59.8 (55.2–66.6) | 59.6 (49.4–67.5) | 59.8 (56.3–65.9) | 0.5 |
| CSF at rest, mL/min | 110.2 (88.9–133.3) | 129.2 (106.8–174.9) | 104.416 (87.6–126.6) | <0.01 |
| CSF at rest, mL·min−1 g−1 | 0.79 (0.62–1.04) | 0.95 (0.74–1.19) | 0.75 (0.61–0.96) | <0.01 |
| Corrected CSF at rest, mL·min−1 | 132.3 (99.8–167.9) | 154.4 (115.8–189.4) | 129.0 (93.6–158.5) | <0.01 |
| Corrected CSF at rest, mL·min−1 g−1 | 0.94 (0.75–1.22) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 0.90 (0.74–1.14) | <0.01 |
| CSF at hyperemia, mL·min−1 | 314.5 (245.9–391.1) | 200.9 (166.3–272.1) | 347.7 (294.4–409.3) | <0.01 |
| CSF at hyperemia, mL·min−1 g−1 | 2.41 (1.67–2.94) | 1.51 (0.97–2.03) | 2.61 (2.06–3.17) | <0.01 |
| g‐CFR | 2.81 (2.12–3.66) | 1.61 (1.30–2.03) | 3.32 (2.50–4.24) | <0.01 |
| Corrected g‐CFR | 2.32 (1.80–2.93) | 1.47 (1.16–1.68) | 2.66 (2.22–3.28) | <0.01 |
| Raw coronary vascular resistance at rest, mm Hg·min·mL−1 | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) | 0.76 (0.59–0.93) | 0.91 (0.75–1.14) | <0.01 |
| Corrected coronary vascular resistance at rest, mm Hg·min·mL−1 | 0.73 (0.57–1.00) | 0.58 (0.45–0.92) | 0.80 (0.60–1.04) | <0.01 |
| Coronary vascular resistance at hyperemic, mm Hg·min·mL−1 | 0.27 (0.24–0.37) | 0.43 (0.33–0.58) | 0.26 (0.22–0.32) | <0.01 |
| LGE volume, cm3 | 2.05 (0.00–7.35) | 3.90 (0.08–7.98) | 1.40 (0.00–7.05) | 0.1 |
| MVO volume, cm3 | 0 (0.0–0.0) | 0 (0.0–0.0) | 0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.7 |
ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CK, creatine kinase; CSF, coronary sinus flow; CT, computed tomography; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESV, end‐systolic volume; g‐CFR, global coronary flow reserve; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCx, left circumflex coronary artery; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricular; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MVO, microvascular obstruction; NSTE‐ACS, non–ST‐segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome; NSTEMI, non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction; NT‐proBNP: N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; PCATA, pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; T‐chol, total cholesterol; TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; and UAP, unstable angina pectoris.