Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics and hospital medications. Data are represented as median (IQR) or mean±sd. Sample size is reported where it differed due to lab results not tested. P values were calculated using two-sided t-test for parametric variables and Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric continuous variables. Pearson's χ 2 test was used for categorical comparisons. P < 0.05 was deemed significant. Laboratory results represent the first measured value while hospitalized
|
Zinc N=411 |
No zinc N=521 |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographics |
|
|
|
|
Age |
63.19±15.18 |
61.83±15.97 |
0.0942 |
|
Female Sex |
147 (35.7 %) |
201 (38.6 %) |
0.378 |
|
Race |
|
|
0.428 |
|
African American |
68 (16.5 %) |
81 (15.5 %) |
|
|
White |
189 (46.0 % |
244 (46.8 %) |
|
|
Asian |
30 (7.3 %) |
30 (5.8 %) |
|
|
Other |
97 (23.6 %) |
142 (27.2 %) |
|
|
Multiracial/Unknown |
27 (6.6 %) |
24 (4.6 %) |
|
|
History |
|
|
|
|
Tobacco use |
|
|
0.142 |
|
Never or Unknown |
306 (74.5 %) |
382 (73.3 %) |
|
|
Former |
76 (18.5 %) |
115 (22.1 %) |
|
|
Current |
29 (7.1 %) |
24 (4.6 %) |
|
|
Any cardiovascular condition |
182 (44.3 %) |
248 (47.6 %) |
0.313 |
|
Hypertension |
154 (37.5 %) |
208 (39.9 %) |
0.445 |
|
Hyperlipidemia |
99 (24.1 %) |
148 (28.4 %) |
0.138 |
|
Coronary Artery Disease |
36 (8.8 %) |
41 (7.9 %) |
0.624 |
|
Heart Failure |
26 (6.3 %) |
22 (4.2 %) |
0.149 |
|
Asthma or COPD |
50 (12.2 %) |
56 (10.7 %) |
0.499 |
|
Diabetes |
105 (25.5 %) |
130 (25.0 %) |
0.835 |
|
Malignancy |
23 (5.6 %) |
33 (6.3 %) |
0.638 |
|
Transplant |
3 (0.7 %) |
2 (0.4 %) |
0.473 |
|
Chronic Kidney Disease |
47 (11.4 %) |
44 (8.4 %) |
0.127 |
|
BMI kg/m2 |
29.17 (25.8–33.42) |
29.29 (25.77–33.2) |
0.8611 |
|
Admission Characteristics |
|
|
|
|
Oxygen saturation at presentation |
94 (91–96)* |
94 (91–96)† |
0.1729 |
|
Respiratory Rate, respirations per minute |
20 (19–24) |
20 (18–24) |
0.0460 |
|
Pulse, beats per minute |
97.66±18.61 |
99.40±19.82 |
0.0858 |
|
Baseline Systolic BP, mmHg |
134.83±20.84 |
132.41±21.87 |
0.0435 |
|
Baseline Diastolic BP, mmHg |
76.66±12.62 |
76.59±14.22 |
0.4670 |
|
Temperature, degrees Celsius |
37.65±0.82 |
37.72±0.94 |
0.1354 |
|
White blood cell count 103/ul |
6.9 (5.1–9.0) N=400 |
6.9 (5.1–9.3) N=500 |
0.5994 |
|
Absolute neutrophil count, 103/ul |
5.15 (3.6–7.05) N=388 |
5.4 (3.8–7.5) N=488 |
0.0838 |
|
Absolute lymphocyte count, 103/ul |
1 (0.7–1.3) N=388 |
0.9 (0.6–1.3) N=482 |
0.0180 |
|
Ferritin, ng ml−1 |
739 (379–1528) N=397 |
658 (336.2–1279) N=473 |
0.1304 |
|
d-Dimer, ng ml−1 |
341 (214–565) N=384 |
334 (215–587) N=435 |
0.7531 |
|
Troponin, ng ml−1 |
0.01 (0.01–0.02) N=389 |
0.015 (0.01–0.02) N=467 |
0.0111 |
|
Creatine Phosphokinase, U l−1 |
140 (68–330) N=343 |
151.5 (69.5–398.5) N=344 |
0.4371 |
|
Procalcitonin, ng l−1 |
0.12 (0.05–0.25) N=395 |
0.12 (0.06–0.43) N=478 |
0.0493 |
|
Creatinine, mg l−1 |
0.97 (0.8–1.34) N=400 |
0.99 (0.8–1.27) N=499 |
0.4140 |
|
C-Reactive Protein, mg l−1 |
104.95 (51.1–158.69) N=398 |
108.13 (53–157.11) N=480 |
0.9586 |
|
Medications recorded during hospitalization |
|
|
|
|
NSAID |
53 (12.9 %) |
74 (14.2 %) |
0.563 |
|
Anticoagulant |
402 (97.8 %) |
511 (98.1 %) |
0.772 |
|
ACE inhibitor or arb |
138 (33.6 % |
175 (33.7 %) |
0.997 |
|
Beta Blocker |
91 (22.1 %) |
132 (25.3 %) |
0.256 |
|
Calcium Channel Blocker |
89 (21.7 %) |
104 (20.0 %) |
0.527 |
|
Corticosteroid |
40 (9.7 %) |
47 (9.0 %) |
0.711 |
*Measured on supplemental oxygen for 86.4 %
†Measured on supplemental oxygen for 83.1 %.