Table 1.
Metabolic targets used in different single-cell profiling approaches
| Target | Metabolic pathway and function | Inclusion in panels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Hartmann | Levine | Ahl | Miller | Core* | |
| GLUT1 | Glucose uptake | x | x | x | x | |
| HK | First glycolytic enzyme | x | x | (x) | ||
| PFK2 | Glycolytic enzyme and regulator | x | ||||
| GAPDH | Glycolytic enzyme / immune regulator | x | x | x | x | |
| PKM2 | Glycolysis / transcriptional regulator | x | ||||
| Fermentation | ||||||
| LDH | Pyruvate to lactate conversion | x | x | (x) | ||
| MCT1 | Lactate export | x | (x) | |||
| PPP | ||||||
| G6PD | G6P dehydrogenase, rate-limiting PPP step | x | x | x | x | |
| TCA / ETC | ||||||
| CS | Citrate synthase | x | x | (x) | ||
| IDH | Isocitrate dehydrogenase | x | x | x | x | |
| OGDH | alpha-ketaglutarate dehydrogenase | x | (x) | |||
| SDH | Succinate dehydrogenase / ETC complex II | x | x | |||
| ATP5A | ATP synthase / ETC complex V | x | x | x | x | |
| CytC | Cytochrome C, essential for ETC function | x | x | (x) | ||
| Mitochondrial regulation | ||||||
| PGC1a | Mitochondrial biogenesis | x | ||||
| VDAC1 | Outer mitochondrial membrane porin | x | x | (x) | ||
| OPA1 | Mitochondrial fusion | x | ||||
| Fatty acid metabolism | ||||||
| CD36/FAT | Fatty acid transporter | x | ||||
| CPT1A | Fatty acid shuttling into mitochondria | x | x | x | ||
| HADHA | Long-chain fatty acid oxidation | x | ||||
| ACADM | medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | x | x | |||
| ACC / ACAC | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase / Fatty acid synthesis | x | x | x | ||
| Amino acid metabolism | ||||||
| CD98/LAT1 | Essential amino acid transporter | x | x | x | ||
| GLUD | Glutamate dehydrogenase | x | ||||
| ASCT2 | Alanine/Serine/Cysteine-preferring amino acid transporter 2 | x | ||||
| GLS | Glutamine to glutamate conversion | x | ||||
| GOT2 | Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase / malate-aspartate shuttle | x | ||||
| ASS1 | Argininosuccinate synthase | x | ||||
| Metabolic regulation / signalling | ||||||
| NRF1 | Anti-oxidant transcription factor | x | x | (x) | ||
| NRF2 | Anti-oxidant transcription factor | x | ||||
| KEAP1 | NRF2 degradation | x | ||||
| PRDX2 | Peroxiredoxin 2 anti-oxidant enzyme | x | ||||
| HIF1A | Hypoxia & inflammation-induced transcription factor | x | x | x | ||
| mTOR | central hub of nutrient signaling / anabolic metabolism | x | ||||
| S6-P | Ribosomal protein controlled by mTOR | x | x | x | ||
| XBP1 | ER stress transcription factor regulating diverse immune cells | x | ||||
| Funtional output | ||||||
| CyclinB1 | Proliferation / clonal expansion | x | ||||
| Ki-67 | Proliferation / clonal expansion | x | x | |||
| BrU | RNA biosynthesis | x | ||||
| IbU | DNA biosynthesis | x | ||||
| puromycin | Protein biosynthesis | x | ||||
*
A core metabolic cytometry panel of 10 targets is proposed, along with additional targets (x) for further insight.