Table 1.

Summary of the effects of covert spatial attention on visual appearance.

Visual Dimension	Perceived Effect	References	Controls and Variants
Contrast	Enhanced Contrast	Exogenous Carrasco et al., 2004 [28] Hsieh et al., 2005 [33] Ling & Carrasco, 2007 [36] Carrasco et al., 2008 [31] Fuller et al., 2008 [12] Fuller et al., 2009 [35] Störmer et al., 2009 [38] Anton-Erxleben et al., 2010 [39] Anton-Erxleben et al., 2011 [40] Kim et al., 2014 [42] Cutrone et al., 2014 [32] Störmer & Alvarez, 2016 [43] Mishra & Srinivasan, 2017 [44] Barbot & Carrasco, 2018 [37] Zhou et al., 2018 [34] Endogenous Liu et al., 2009 [60]	• effects eliminated with:  - postcues [31;35]  - lengthened ISI [12,31,36,37,38,43,44] • effects present with:  - reverse instructions [28;36;39;43]  - both comparative and equality judgments [34,39,40]  - auditory precues [38]  - different cue polarity [36]  - a wide contrast range; attenuated for very high contrast [32;34] • effects increase with cue salience:  - cue contrast [12]  - cue emotional valence [37] • changes in performance and appearance correlate [37] • enhanced apparent contrast can alter higher-level features such as perceived facial attractiveness [43] and emotion [44] • effects present with reverse instructions [60]
Spatial Dimensions	Increased Spatial Frequency	Exogenous Gobell & Carrasco 2005 [46]	• effects eliminated with postcues [46] • effects present with:  - both lower and higher spatial frequencies [46]  - reverse instructions [46] • effects not due to changes in perceived contrast [46]
		Endogenous Abrams et al. 2010 [61]	• effects eliminated when timing allows voluntarily attention to be redeployed across both stimulus locations [61]
	Increased Gap Size	Exogenous Gobell & Carrasco 2005 [46]	• effects eliminated with postcues [46]
	Increased Positional Repulsion	Exogenous Pratt & Turk-Browne 2003 [49] Fortenbaugh et al. 2011 [52] Klein et al. 2016 [51]  Cutrone, et al. 2018 [48]	• effects eliminated with postcues [52] • apparent shape of objects altered based on precue position [52] • larger positional biases with eccentricity predicted by an attention field model [51]
		Endogenous Suzuki & Cavanagh 1997 [50] Cutrone, et al. 2018 [48]	• effects modulated by the attentional field size [48]
	Increased Object Size	Exogenous Anton-Erxleben et al. 2007 [47]	• effects eliminated with postcues [47] • effects present with reverse instructions [47]
	Enhanced Perceptual Organization	Endogenous Barbot, et al. 2007 [72]	• effects present with reverse instructions [72] • effects eliminated when timing allows voluntarily attention to be redeployed across both stimulus locations [72]
Color	Enhanced Saturation	Exogenous Fuller & Carrasco 2006 [53] Kim et al. 2014 [42]	• effects eliminated with postcues [53] • effects present:  - with reverse instructions [53]  - in ADHD observers [42]
	No Change In Hue	Exogenous Fuller & Carrasco 2006 [53]	• even though attention improved performance
Temporal Dimensions	Increased Flickering	Exogenous Montagna & Carrasco 2006 [56]	• effects present with reverse instructions [56]
	Enhanced Motion Coherence	Exogenous Liu et al. 2006 [55]	• effects eliminated with lengthened ISI [55]
	Increased Speed	Exogenous Turatto et al. 2007 [58] Fuller et al., 2009 [35] Anton-Erxleben et al., 2013 [59]	• effects eliminated with:  - postcues [58]  - lengthened ISI [35;58] • effects present with:  - reverse instructions [58;59]  - different adaptation states [59]