Table 1.
Study participant characteristics (N = 576)
| Patients (n = 491) | Controls (n = 85) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | 361 (73.5) | 62 (72.9) | ns |
| Age, mean (SD) | 21.5 (2.2) | 25.2 (2.3) | ** |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.8 (5.4) | 22.7 (3.2) | ns |
| MADRS-S, median (range) | 23 (0–49) | 4 (0–20) | ** |
| GSRS-IBS, median (range) | 30 (13–79) | 22 (13–70) | ** |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| Antidepressant, any | 263 (53.6) | 3 (3.5)a | ** |
| Psychotropic medication, any | 342 (69.7) | 4 (4.7)b | ** |
| SSRI | 192 (39.1) | 2 (2.4) | ** |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Current depressive episode (UP/BP) | 257 (52.3) | 0 | ** |
| Recurrent MDD | 184 (37.5) | 0 | ** |
| Lifetime history of depressive episodes (UP/BP) | 439 (89.4) | 8 (9.4) | ** |
| Bipolar disorder, any | 91 (56.0) | 0 | ** |
| Anxiety disorder, any | 317 (61.2) | 0 | ** |
**p < 0.01 level, ns = Non-significant, a One control with ongoing SNRI treatment and two controls with SSRI. b One control with anti-epileptic medication. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, MADRS-S Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale Self-assessment, GSRS-IBS Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, SSRI selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, MDD Major Mood Disorder, UP/BP Unipolar/Bipolar