Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Never-PA (n = 99,873) | Initiation-PA (n = 45,598) | Withdrawal-PA (n = 45,014) | Maintenance-PA (n = 56,664) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 68.7 ± 9.3 | 66.4 ± 9.2 | 67.2 ± 9.1 | 64.6 ± 9.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 72,836 (72.9) | 30,862 (67.7) | 30,131 (66.9) | 32,204 (56.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 58,178 (58.3) | 24,777 (54.3) | 24,889 (55.3) | 28,962 (51.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 22,448 (22.5) | 9542 (20.9) | 10,062 (22.4) | 11,171 (19.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 45,981 (46.0) | 20,976 (46.0) | 20,893 (46.4) | 25,596 (45.2) | 0.001 |
| Obesity*, n (%) | 37,096 (37.1) | 16,617 (36.4) | 16,407 (36.5) | 20,160 (35.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.16 ± 3.25 | 24.15 ± 3.05 | 24.15 ± 3.10 | 24.13 ± 2.88 | 0.257 |
| Smoking, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 82,345 (82.5) | 36,071 (79.1) | 36,017 (80.0) | 40,576 (71.6) | |
| Ex-smoker | 9812 (9.8) | 6093 (13.4) | 5665 (12.6) | 11,689 (20.6) | |
| Current smoker | 7716 (7.7) | 3434 (7.5) | 3332 (7.4) | 4399 (7.8) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-drinker | 84,755 (84.9) | 35,743 (78.4) | 36,858 (81.9) | 39,453 (69.6) | |
| Mild to moderate drinker | 12,598 (12.6) | 8593 (18.9) | 6953 (15.5) | 15,241 (26.9) | |
| Heavy drinker | 2520 (2.5) | 1262 (2.8) | 1203 (2.7) | 1970 (3.5) | |
| Time to conversion from MCI to dementia (months) | 31.3 ± 16.6 | 31.6 ± 16.7 | 31.6 ± 16.8 | 31.0 ± 16.4 | < 0.0001 |
PA physical activity
*Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2