Table 2.

Data extraction from cardiovascular disease (CVD) studies.

First author, date, reference	Study design and duration; objectives	Study population	Intervention and comparator	Outcomes	Main results
Gore, 2019 [23]	Non-RCTa for 12 months; effectiveness of an SMS text message intervention to reduce CVD risk	Adults from the United States at high risk of CVD without preexisting coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes; intervention n=204, usual care n=408	Create action plan with community health workers and return 6-12 months after initial screening for retesting; intervention: text messages once/day on advice on healthy eating, PAb, weight loss, contacting community health worker; control: usual care	Engagement, program retention, changes in risk factors (smoking, fat and fiber intake, PA, weight, BMI, BPc, low-density lipoprotein), Framingham risk score	Only statistically significant decrease in fat intake (intervention −26.3% vs control −10.6%; P=.001)
Muntaner-Mas, 2017 [24]	Non-RCT for 10 weeks; effectiveness of a WhatsApp-based PA intervention to reduce CVD risk factors	Spanish adults aged 53-73 years without medical conditions or other physical problems requiring special medical attention and who were able to perform rigorous PA; mobile group n=7, training group n=16, control n=9	Intervention: twice/week functional fitness for training and mobile group; for training group face-to-face sessions, for mobile group training videos for download via WhatsApp, chat function plus motivational messages from study coordinator; control: no intervention	BP, WCd, waist to height ratio, weight, BMI, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, heart rate after exercise, balance, handgrip strength, aerobic capacity	No statistically significant differences between mobile group and control; statistically significant differences between training group and control group (systolic BP P=.038; diastolic BP P=.005; mean arterial BP P=.006; heart rate after exercise P=.002)
Rubinstein, 2016 [25]	RCT for 12 months; effectiveness of preventive mobile health intervention in adults with prehypertension	Adults aged 30-60 years with prehypertension from poor urban settings in Argentina, Guatemala, and Peru, free of hypertension, diabetes, and CVD; intervention n=316, usual care n=321	Intervention: monthly motivational counselling calls (healthy diet and PA) followed by weekly text messages related to behavior goals and readiness to change; control: usual care	Changes in BP, weight, BMI, WC, PA, diet	Mean differences, baseline-adjusted (95% CI): weight −0.66 kg (−1.24 to −0.07), BMI −0.30 kg/m2 (−0.54 to −0.06), daily intake of high-sugar and -fat servings −0.75 (−1.30 to −0.20); change in BP not significant

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bPA: physical activity.

^cBP: blood pressure.

^dWC: waist circumference.