Table 3. Oral condition and lifestyle factors according to toothbrushing habits at baseline.
| Toothbrushing frequency | Brushing teeth at night | ||||||
| ≤1 time | 2 times | ≥3 times | P-value | No | Yes | P-value | |
| (n = 1,332) | (n = 2,361) | (n = 844) | (n = 972) | (n = 3,565) | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 44.9 (8.3) | 44.9 (8.3) | 45.8 (8.5) | 0.020 | 44.5 (8.2) | 45.2 (8.4) | 0.022 |
| Men, % | 94.5 | 80.6 | 57.1 | <0.001 | 76.1 | 95.7 | <0.001 |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.55 (0.72) | 2.52 (0.73) | 2.46 (0.67) | 0.015 | 2.57 (0.73) | 2.50 (0.71) | 0.005 |
| Dental plaque (debris index simplified), mean (SD) | 0.81 (0.44) | 0.69 (0.39) | 0.58 (0.38) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.45) | 0.68 (0.40) | <0.001 |
| Calculus (calculus index simplified), mean (SD) | 0.57 (0.51) | 0.45 (0.44) | 0.36 (0.39) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.52) | 0.44 (0.43) | <0.001 |
| %BOP, mean (SD) | 24.1 (23.0) | 19.4 (21.0) | 17.1 (19.6) | <0.001 | 23.7 (22.2) | 19.5 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth, mean (SD) | 28.0 (2.5) | 27.8 (2.6) | 27.7 (2.4) | 0.049 | 28.0 (2.5) | 27.8 (2.6) | 0.009 |
| Occupational status, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Office workers | 29.8 | 27.6 | 40.5 | 30.1 | 30.8 | ||
| Skilled workers | 40.5 | 35.2 | 21.1 | 41.4 | 32.2 | ||
| Others | 29.7 | 37.1 | 38.4 | 28.5 | 37.0 | ||
| Current smoking, % | 38.4 | 24.9 | 11.8 | <0.001 | 40.2 | 22.7 | <0.001 |
| High alcohol consumption, % | 30.0 | 25.2 | 17.3 | <0.001 | 34.1 | 22.7 | <0.001 |
| Lack of regular physical activity, % | 70.0 | 64.3 | 53.9 | <0.001 | 70.2 | 62.3 | <0.001 |
| Eats snacks between meals, % | 27.1 | 31.5 | 42.1 | <0.001 | 24.7 | 34.2 | <0.001 |
| Prefers salty dishes, % | 17.5 | 13.0 | 9.5 | <0.001 | 20.4 | 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Skips breakfast, % | 26.6 | 12.9 | 7.7 | <0.001 | 28.0 | 12.7 | <0.001 |
| Eats more meat and oily food, % | 21.1 | 15.8 | 10.9 | <0.001 | 23.8 | 14.4 | <0.001 |
| Eats more sweet food, % | 11.8 | 13.0 | 13.5 | <0.001 | 10.7 | 13.3 | 0.033 |
| Seldom eats home-cooked meals for dinner, % | 27.0 | 19.6 | 13.4 | <0.001 | 28.0 | 18.6 | <0.001 |
| Sleeping hours, % | 0.028 | 0.004 | |||||
| ≥7 hours | 32.7 | 33.9 | 36.7 | 32.0 | 34.6 | ||
| 6 hours | 44.7 | 46.3 | 46.1 | 44.1 | 46.3 | ||
| ≤5 hours | 22.6 | 19.8 | 17.2 | 23.9 | 19.1 | ||
CAL, clinical attachment level; %BOP, percentage of sites that bled upon probing; SD, standard deviation.
Chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables.