Table 5. Association between toothbrushing frequency and the development of each metabolic abnormality.
| Development of each metabolic abnormality | Crude PRR (95% CI) | Adjusted PRRa (95% CI) | |||
| No | Yes | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Obesity | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 692 (97.2) | 20 (2.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 1,757 (94.8) | 96 (5.2) | 1.84 (1.15–2.96) | 1.22 (0.78–1.89) | 1.20 (0.77–1.88) |
| ≤1 time | 866 (91.7) | 78 (8.3) | 2.94 (1.82–4.76) | 1.80 (1.14–2.84) | 1.77 (1.12–2.80) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.49 (0.72) | 2.58 (0.74) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 495 (77.8) | 141 (22.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 1,224 (72.0) | 475 (28.0) | 1.26 (1.07–1.49) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) |
| ≤1 time | 561 (66.0) | 289 (34.0) | 1.53 (1.29–1.82) | 1.14 (0.96–1.38) | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.67) | 2.51 (0.72) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 808 (98.7) | 11 (1.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 2,234 (98.2) | 42 (1.8) | 1.37 (0.71–2.66) | 1.02 (0.56–1.85) | 1.02 (0.56–1.87) |
| ≤1 time | 1,215 (96.3) | 47 (3.7) | 2.77 (1.45–5.31) | 1.62 (0.91–2.88) | 1.62 (0.91–2.88) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.70) | 2.71 (1.12) | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) | |
| Hypertension based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 502 (87.8) | 70 (12.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 1,271 (83.5) | 251 (16.5) | 1.35 (1.05–1.72) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) |
| ≤1 time | 616 (79.4) | 160 (20.6) | 1.69 (1.30–2.18) | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.70) | 2.55 (0.75) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | |
| Hypertension based on the JNC7 guidelines | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 710 (92.6) | 57 (7.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 1,955 (92.3) | 163 (7.7) | 1.04 (0.78–1.38) | 0.92 (0.70–1.23) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) |
| ≤1 time | 1,057 (91.3) | 101 (8.7) | 1.17 (0.86–1.60) | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.71) | 2.62 (0.80) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 644 (91.5) | 60 (8.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 1,563 (87.2) | 230 (12.8) | 1.51 (1.15–1.97) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
| ≤1 time | 738 (83.8) | 143 (16.2) | 1.90 (1.43–2.53) | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 1.23 (0.94–1.63) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.73) | 2.51 (0.68) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | |
| Low HDL | |||||
| Toothbrushing frequency, n (%) | |||||
| ≥3 times | 786 (97.6) | 19 (2.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 times | 2,102 (97.4) | 56 (2.6) | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 1.06 (0.65–1.73) | 1.08 (0.66–1.76) |
| ≤1 time | 1,143 (96.9) | 37 (3.1) | 1.30 (0.75–2.24) | 1.21 (0.67–2.20) | 1.23 (0.68–2.23) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.72) | 2.44 (0.62) | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | |
ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CI, confidence interval; CAL, clinical attachment level; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; JNC7, Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; PRR, prevalence rate ratio.
Poisson regression models with robust standard error; each metabolic abnormality was the dependent variable and toothbrushing frequency was the independent variable.
The crude model included one independent variable and one dependent variable.
aModel 1 adjusted for age, sex, number of teeth, BMI, eating snacks between meals, preferring salty dishes, skipping breakfast, eating meat and oily food, eating sweet food, seldom eating home-cooked meals, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleeping hours, job, and baseline value of each metabolic abnormality, and model 2 additionally included mean CAL.