Table 6. Association between brushing teeth at night and the development of each metabolic abnormality.
| Development of each metabolic abnormality |
Crude PRR (95% CI) | Adjusted PRRa (95% CI) | |||
| No | Yes | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Obesity | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2,702 (95.2) | 135 (4.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 613 (91.2) | 59 (8.8) | 1.85 (1.37–2.48) | 1.51 (1.14–1.99) | 1.49 (1.13–1.96) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.49 (0.72) | 2.58 (0.74) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1,898 (73.5) | 685 (26.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 382 (63.5) | 220 (36.5) | 1.38 (1.22–1.56) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.67) | 2.51 (0.72) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 3,369 (98.0) | 68 (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 888 (96.5) | 32 (3.5) | 1.76 (1.16–2.66) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.70) | 2.71 (1.12) | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | 1.09 (0.80–1.48) | |
| Hypertension based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1,960 (84.4) | 361 (15.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 429 (78.1) | 120 (21.9) | 1.41 (1.17–1.69) | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) | 1.16 (0.96–1.39) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.70) | 2.55 (0.75) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | |
| Hypertension based on the JNC7 guidelines | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2,955 (92.4) | 243 (7.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 767 (90.8) | 78 (9.2) | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.71) | 2.62 (0.80) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2,424 (88.2) | 324 (11.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 521 (82.7) | 109 (17.3) | 1.47 (1.20–1.79) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.73) | 2.51 (0.68) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | |
| Low HDL | |||||
| Brushing teeth at night, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 3,174 (97.3) | 89 (2.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 839 (97.3) | 23 (2.7) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.72) | 2.44 (0.62) | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | |
ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CI, confidence interval; CAL, clinical attachment level; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; JNC7, Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; PRR, prevalence rate ratio.
Poisson regression models with robust standard error; each metabolic abnormality was the dependent variable and not brushing teeth at night was the independent variable.
The crude model included one independent variable and one dependent variable.
aModel 1 adjusted for age, sex, number of teeth, BMI, eating snacks between meals, preferring salty dishes, skipping breakfast, eating meat and oily food, eating sweet food, seldom eating home-cooked meals, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleeping hours, job, and baseline value of each metabolic abnormality, and model 2 additionally included mean CAL.