Table 7. Association between toothbrushing at night and the development of each metabolic abnormality based on toothbrushing frequency.
| Development of each metabolic abnormality |
Crude PRR (95% CI) | Adjusted PRR (95% CI)a | |||
| No | Yes | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Twice a day toothbrushing | |||||
| Obesity | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 1,699 (94.9) | 91 (5.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 58 (92.1) | 5 (7.9) | 1.56 (0.66–3.71) | 1.48 (0.66–3.32) | 1.49 (0.66–3.33) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.74) | 2.52 (0.71) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 1,190 (71.9) | 465 (28.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 34 (77.3) | 10 (22.7) | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.68) | 2.53 (0.78) | 0.99 (0.87–1.15) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 2,163 (98.2) | 40 (1.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 71 (97.3) | 2 (2.7) | 1.51 (0.37–6.12) | 0.77 (0.19–3.09) | 0.79 (0.19–3.28) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.71) | 2.79 (1.47) | 1.39 (1.08–1.79) | 1.38 (1.04–1.83) | |
| Hypertension in 2017 ACC/AHA guideline | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 1,228 (83.6) | 241 (16.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 43 (81.1) | 10 (18.9) | 1.15 (0.65–2.03) | 1.11 (0.66–1.90) | 1.11 (0.65–1.89) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.48 (0.73) | 2.57 (0.74) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | |
| Hypertension in JNC7 | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 1,890 (92.3) | 158 (7.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 65 (92.9) | 5 (7.1) | 0.93 (0.39–2.18) | 1.09 (0.50–2.38) | 1.10 (0.50–2.41) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.74) | 2.58 (0.73) | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 1,516 (87.2) | 222 (12.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 47 (85.5) | 8 (14.5) | 1.14 (0.59–2.19) | 0.85 (0.44–1.61) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.75) | 2.49 (0.68) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | |
| Low HDL | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 2,031 (97.4) | 55 (2.6) | 1 | ||
| No | 71 (98.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0.53 (0.07–3.75) | ||
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.73) | 2.57 (0.71) | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) | ||
| Once a day toothbrushing | |||||
| Obesity | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 238 (94.4) | 14 (5.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 402 (91.4) | 38 (8.6) | 1.56 (0.86–2.81) | 1.20 (0.66–2.17) | 1.15 (0.63–2.12) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.52 (0.71) | 2.73 (0.74) | 1.39 (1.05–1.84) | 1.12 (0.85–2.12) | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 156 (73.9) | 55 (26.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 245 (61.1) | 156 (38.9) | 1.49 (1.15–1.93) | 1.30 (1.02–1.66) | 1.30 (1.02–1.66) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.67) | 2.55 (0.66) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 280 (96.6) | 10 (3.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 587 (96.2) | 23 (3.8) | 1.09 (0.53–2.27) | 0.56 (0.24–1.31) | 0.57 (0.24–1.36) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.55 (0.70) | 2.76 (0.85) | 1.42 (0.95–2.12) | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | |
| Hypertension in 2017 ACC/AHA guideline | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 158 (82.3) | 34 (17.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 268 (77.0) | 80 (23.0) | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | 1.17 (0.81–1.67) | 1.17 (0.81–1.69) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.51 (0.67) | 2.56 (0.79) | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | |
| Hypertension in JNC7 | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 245 (92.5) | 20 (7.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 504 (90.5) | 53 (9.5) | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 1.10 (0.67–1.79) | 1.09 (0.66–1.77) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.54 (0.72) | 2.67 (0.79) | 1.24 (0.95–1.60) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 193 (86.9) | 29 (13.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 356 (84.0) | 68 (16.0) | 1.23 (0.82–1.84) | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.52 (0.70) | 2.60 (0.74) | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | |
| Low HDL | |||||
| Toothbrushing at night | |||||
| Yes | 266 (96.7) | 9 (3.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 549 (97.2) | 16 (2.8) | 0.87 (0.39–1.93) | 1.14 (0.48–2.73) | 1.23 (0.52–2.89) |
| CAL, mean (SD) | 2.54 (0.70) | 2.40 (0.57) | 0.73 (0.41–1.28) | 0.71 (0.38–1.34) | |
CI, confidence interval; CAL, clinical attachment level; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; PRR, prevalence rate ratio.
Poisson regression models with robust standard error; each metabolic abnormalities was the dependent variable and no toothbrushing at night was the independent variable.
The crude model included one independent variable and dependent variable.
aModel 1 adjusted for age, sex, number of teeth, BMI, eating snacks between meals, preferring salty dishes, skipping breakfast, eating meat and oily food, eating sweet food, seldom eating home-cooked meals, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleeping hours, job, and baseline value of each metabolic abnormality, and model 2 additionally included mean CAL.