Table 2.

Definition of exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria	Definition
Images or signal studies	Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model for enhancing the reading of images, pathological samples or signals. The purpose of these articles is to improve the accuracy of an instrument rather than providing a clinical outcome.
Only genetic and/or molecular predictors	Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model using only genetic and/or molecular candidate predictors. These articles are often based on high-dimensional data and unsupervised ML techniques.
Prognostic factors studies	Articles that report the identification of prognostic factors associated with a clinical outcome in an individual.
Secondary research	Articles that report narrative reviews, systematic reviews about prediction model studies in a specific medical field. Guidelines, expert’s opinions and letters to the editor will also be excluded.
Conference abstract	Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model presented in a conference. Such articles, by definition, do not report all the information required for assessment.
Full text not available	Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model for which full text is not accessible online.

ML, machine learning.