Table 1.

Causes of secondary hypertension

Endocrine

Primary aldosteronism (PA)

Cushing’s syndrome (CS)

Pheochromocytoma / paraganglioma (PPGL)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)

Hypothyroidism

Thyrotoxicosis

Acromegaly

Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (congenital)

Renal

Renal parenchymal disease

Renin-producing tumor

Primary sodium retention (Liddle’s syndrome)

Gordon’ syndrome (hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis, normal renal function, low or low-normal plasma renin activity, and normal or elevated plasma aldosterone concentration)

Obstructive sleep apnea

Reno-vascular hypertension (RVH)

Atherosclerotic (ATS-RVH)

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD-RVH)

Coarctation of the aorta

Arteritis

Intrarenal (i.e. microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis)

Schōnlein-Henoch purpura

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis

Iatrogenic

Drugs and exogenous hormones (i.e. contraceptive pills, immunosuppressive, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, etc.)

Acquired Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (licorice, etc.)

Cancer therapies (angiogenesis inhibitors as bevacizumab, and others)