Table 4.

Clinical findings suggestive of renovascular hypertension (RVH) according to the etiology

FMD-RVH	ATS-RAS
Early onset of HT (< 30 years old), especially in women	Severe HT > 55 years old
Unilateral small kidney without a causative urological abnormality	Most frequent in older people, smokers, obese and diabetic
Abdominal bruit in the absence of atherosclerotic disease or risk factors for atherosclerosis	History of generalized atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, etc.)
Suspected renal artery dissection/infarction
Presence of FMD in at least 1 other vascular territory
History of stroke, headaches, neck pain, and a pulsatile ringing or swooshing sound in the ears when carotid and/or vertebral arteries is involved
History of ACS caused by spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Weight loss, abdominal pain and ischemia, in case of abdominal artery involvement
Typical symptoms and signs of peripheral artery diseases
Shared by the two conditions
Accelerated, or malignant or grade 3 (> 180/110 mmHg) HT
Drug-resistant hypertension (blood pressure target not achieved despite 3 drug-therapy at optimal doses including a diuretic)
Development of new azotemia or worsening renal function after administration of ACE-inhibitors or ARBs
Unexplained atrophic kidney or size discrepancy between kidneys of greater than 1.5 cm
Sudden, unexplained pulmonary edema
Multi-vessel coronary artery disease
Unexplained congestive heart failure
Refractory angina

FMD fibromuscular dysplasia, ATS atherosclerotic, HT hypertension, ACS acute coronary syndrome, RAS renal artery stenosis, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers