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. 2020 Sep 22;27(6):515–526. doi: 10.1007/s40292-020-00408-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Regulation of peripheral vascular resistances by insulin and effects of insulin resistance. In physiological conditions, insulin antagonizes (green arrows) the effects of vasoconstrictor mediators (red arrows), contributing to maintain the normal vascular tone. Insulin resistance (red arrows), impairs the capability of insulin to counterbalance the action of vasoconstrictor mediators, resulting in the increase of vascular peripheral resistances. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6