TABLE 2.
Characteristics of MCR-1–producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates and their transconjugants.
| Isolates | Transconjugants | ||||||||
| Isolate | Species | Origin | Colistin MIC, mg/L | Resistance phenotype (epidemiological cut-off values of EUCAST)a | Resistance phenotype (clinical breakpoints of EUCAST)b | Incompatibility group (kb) of mcr-1 plasmids | Colistin MIC of transconjugants mg/L | Co-transferred resistance (epidemiological cut-off values of EUCAST)a | Co-transferred resistance (clinical breakpoints of EUCAST)b |
|
Poultry slaughterhouses | |||||||||
| 01/05-11 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncF (30) | 8 | ||
| 01/05-12 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncF (30) | 8 | ||
| 01/07-07 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| 01/07-09 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 8 | CIP, NAL | |
| 01/07-11 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CAZ, CHL, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| 01/07-12 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| 01/08-08 | E. coli | Eviscerators | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CAZ, CHL, SXT, FOF, CST | IncHI2 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| 04/05-12 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, FEP | PIP, CTX, CAZ, C/T, CIP, LVX, CHL, CST | IncHI2 (245) | 4 | AMP, CIP, CTX, CAZ | |
| C-01/05-03 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | AMP, SMX, TMP | SXT |
| C-01/05-04 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, LVX, SXT, CST | IncI2 (n.d.*) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-01/07-02 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, LVX, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | PIP, CIP, LVX, SXT |
| C-01/07-04 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, LVX, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-01/07-06 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, SXT, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-04/02-02 | E. coli | Transport crates | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET | PIP, CIP, LVX, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-04/05-10 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CST, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, SXT, CST | IncI1 (360) | 4 | AMP, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, SXT |
| C-04/05-14 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CST, SMX, TET, TMP | FOF, CST | IncI1 (360) | 4 | AMP, SMX, TET, TMP | |
| C-04/06-02 | E. coli | Effluent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CST, SMX, TMP | PIP, CIP, LVX, CST | IncHI2 (30) | 8 | AMP, SMX, TMP | PIP |
| C-04/07-04 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, SMX, NAL, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, SXT, CST | IncF (215) | 4 | AMP, CIP, NAL, SMX, TMP | SXT |
| Poultry slaughterhouses | |||||||||
| C-04/07-07 | E. coli | Stunning facilities | 4 | AMP, CIP, CST, SMX, NAL, TET, TMP | PIP, SXT, CST | IncHI2 (215) | 4 | AMP, CIP, NAL, TET | PIP, SXT |
| 04/07-04 | K. pneumoniae | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, TMP, FEP, FOX | PIP, CTX, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, FOF, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| 04/07-12 | K. pneumoniae | Stunning facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, FEP | PIP, TZP, CTX, CAZ, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, FOF, CST | IncX4 (85) | 8 | CIP, CTX, NAL, CAZ, FOX | |
| 04/07-14 | K. pneumoniae | Stunning facilities | 16c | AMP, CIP, CST, CTX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TMP, FEP | PIP, CTX, CAZ, C/T, CIP, LVX, SXT, FOF, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-04/02-17 | K. pneumoniae | Transport crates | >64c | AMP, CST | PIP, SMX, CST | IncI1 (30) | 8 | ||
| C-04/03-01 | K. pneumoniae | Scalding water | 16c | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL | CIP, LVX, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| Pig slaughterhouses and mWWTPs | |||||||||
| 05/01-09 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, TET, TMP, FEP | PIP, TZP, CTX, CIP, LVX, CHL, SMX, CST | IncI1 (30) | 8 | TET | |
| 05/01-21 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 8 | TET | |
| 05/01-22 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| 05/01-23 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| 05/02-28 | E. coli | Effluent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| 05/02-29 | E. coli | Effluent in-house WWTP | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CTX, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| 05/06-69 | E. coli | Aggregate wastewater from producing facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| 05/06-70 | E. coli | Aggregate wastewater from producing facilities | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP, FEP, ETP | PIP, TZP, CIP, LVX, CHL, SXT, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | TET | |
| C-03/01-04 | E. coli | Influent in-house WWTP | 8 | AMP, CIP, CST, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | PIP, CIP, LVX, CHL, CST | IncI1 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-03/12-05 | E. coli | On-site preflooder downstream | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, FEP | PIP, CST | IncHI2 (n.d.*) | 2 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-03/12-07 | E. coli | On-site preflooder downstream | 4 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, TGC, FEP | PIP, CST | IncHI2 (245) | 2 | ||
| Poultry slaughterhouses | |||||||||
| C-03/12-08 | E. coli | On-site preflooder downstream | 8 | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, SMX, CAZ, TET, FEP | PIP, TZP, CST | IncHI2 (230) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-03/05-01 | K. pneumoniae | Animal transporters | >64c | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, NAL | PIP, CIP, LVX, CHL, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
| C-03/08-01 | K. pneumoniae | Scalding water | >64c | AMP, CHL, CIP, CST, CTX, FOX, NAL, CAZ, FEP | FOF, CST | IncX4 (30) | 4 | CIP, NAL | |
aAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Plates of German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) containing sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TET), tigecycline (TGC), ertapenem (ETP), meropenem (MEM), imipenem (IMI), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefoxitin (FOX), cefepime (FEP), colistin (CST), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (GEN). MIC were interpreted according to the epidemiological cut off values of EUCAST. bMicronaut-S MDR MRGN-Screening system containing temocillin (TEM), piperacillin (PIP), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), imipenem (IMI), meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AMK), tigecycline (TGC), chloramphenicol (CHL), fosfomycin (FOF), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LVX), and colistin (CST). MIC were interpreted according to the clinical breakpoints of EUCAST. cPolymorphisms found for coding sequences for PmrA or PmrB in 04/07-14: 157T→P (PmrB) and C-04/03-01: 73P→x (PmrB), 74S→x (PmrB). ∗n.d., not detected.