Figure 3.

Stomatal aperture width (μm) of ASM-treated and untreated systemic leaves of Japanese radish plants after Pcal inoculation. The fourth leaves of Japanese radish were dipped with ASM (100 ppm), and leaves were dip inoculated with Pcal suspensions (1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) 4 h (A–C), 1 day (D–F), and 1 week (G–I) after ASM treatment. The microscope images of the ASM-treated fourth leaves (B,E,H), and the untreated systemic third (A,D,G), and fifth (C,F,I) leaves were taken 4 h post-inoculation (hpi) of Pcal using a Nikon optical microscope (Eclipse 80i). Then, stomatal aperture width (μm) were analyzed by image J using at least 100 stomata. In all bar graphs, vertical bars indicate the SE for three biological replicates. Significant factors (SF) indicate whether the two independent factors, ASM treatment (A) and Pcal inoculation (P), and/or their interaction, I (A × P), were statistically significant (two way ANOVA, p < 0.05). When the interaction was significant, Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test was performed. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatment/inoculation (p < 0.05). p values of the two-way ANOVA are shown in Supplemental Table 1.