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Pictorial representation of biologic augmentation options for cartilage repair. After marrow stimulation, various biologic options influence (1) chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (2) Sox-9 expression in MSCs, (3) cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) production in MSCs, (4) chondrocyte proliferation, and (5) synthesis and retention of ECM within articular cartilage. Terms: bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)
