Table 2.

Percentage of Overdose Cases with a Dispensed Opioid in the Year Preceding Overdose by Demographic Subgroup

	Heroin involved	Non-heroin involved	Crude OR (95% CI)	Interaction p value	Adjusted OR* (95% CI)	Interaction p value
Overall percentage	44.9	77.6	0.24 (0.20, 0.27)		0.43 (0.36, 0.51)
By sex				0.81		0.80
Female	49.8	79.8	0.25 (0.20, 0.32)		0.43 (0.33, 0.56)
Male	42.6	74.0	0.26 (0.21, 0.32)		0.41 (0.33, 0.52)
By age category				0.39		0.67
< 30	36.2	63.4	0.33 (0.26, 0.42)		0.47 (0.36, 0.63)
30–49	49.6	78.5	0.27 (0.21, 0.34)		0.4 (0.31, 0.53)
≥ 50	58.9	84.9	0.26 (0.18, 0.36)		0.41 (0.27, 0.61)
By urbanicity				0.04		0.18
Urban	45.0	75.4	0.27 (0.22, 0.32)		0.46 (0.38, 0.57)
Rural	44.7	81.0	0.19 (0.14, 0.25)		0.35 (0.25, 0.49)
Race				0.81		0.37
White	48.2	79.3	0.24 (0.20, 0.29)		0.46 (0.36, 0.58)
Other	40.9	74.7	0.23 (0.19, 0.29)		0.39 (0.3, 0.51)
Year				0.49		0.83
2015	46.8	77.1	0.26 (0.20, 0.33)		0.46 (0.34, 0.61)
2016	45.8	80.1	0.21 (0.16, 0.27)		0.40 (0.3, 0.55)
2017	41.9	75.4	0.24 (0.18, 0.3)		0.43 (0.31, 0.58)
Fatality				0.47		0.32
Yes	41.4	77.4	0.21 (0.14, 0.31)		0.35 (0.22, 0.55)
No	45.5	77.6	0.24 (0.21, 0.28)		0.45 (0.37, 0.54)

p values reflect subgroup differences between overdose type

*Logistic regression models adjusted for sex, race, urbanicity, age category, and the following Elixhauser comorbidities: alcohol misuse; deficiency anemia; rheumatoid arthritis; blood loss anemia; congestive heart failure; chronic lung disease; coagulopathy; depression; diabetes, uncomplicated; diabetes, complicated; drug misuse; hypertension, uncomplicated; hypertension, complicated; hypothyroidism; liver disease; lymphoma; fluid and electrolyte disorders; metastatic cancer; obesity; paralysis; peripheral vascular disorders; psychoses; pulmonary circulation disorders; renal failure; solid tumor without metastasis; peptic ulcer disease; valvular disease; weight loss