Table 1.
| Characteristics | Total(n = 1,002) | Normal HRQoL (n = 550) | Poor health state (n = 452) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 102.00 (101.00–104.00) | 102.00 (101.00–104.00) | 102.00 (101.00–104.00) | 0.224* |
| GDS-15 | 5.23 ± 3.05 | 4.42 ± 2.86 | 6.23 ± 2.97 | <0.001 |
| VAS | 61.60 ± 15.56 | 66.35 ± 13.78 | 55.82 ± 15.67 | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D index score | 0.68 (0.55–0.79) | 0.79 (0.68–0.89) | 0.50 (0.30–0.59) | <0.001* |
| Alb, g/L | 38.43 ± 3.99 | 39.42 ± 3.49 | 37.22 ± 4.23 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 0.21 (0.08–0.58) | 0.17 (0.07–0.49) | 0.29 (0.09–0.58) | <0.001* |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 22.74 ± 9.24 | 24.00 ± 9.06 | 21.22 ± 9.24 | <0.001 |
| Depression | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 520 (51.90%) | 353 (64.18%) | 167 (36.95%) | |
| MnDD | 382 (38.12%) | 163 (29.64%) | 219 (48.45%) | |
| MDD | 100 (9.98%) | 34 (6.18%) | 66 (14.60%) | |
| Gender | 0.012 | |||
| Male | 180 (17.96%) | 114 (20.73%) | 66 (14.60%) | |
| Female | 822 (82.04%) | 436 (79.27%) | 386 (85.40%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.796 | |||
| Han | 883 (88.12%) | 486 (88.36%) | 397 (87.83%) | |
| Others | 119 (11.88%) | 64 (11.64%) | 55 (12.17%) | |
| Education | 0.071 | |||
| Illiterate | 915 (91.32%) | 493 (89.64%) | 422 (93.36%) | |
| Primary school | 67 (6.69%) | 42 (7.64%) | 25 (5.53%) | |
| Middle school or higher | 20 (2.00%) | 15 (2.73%) | 5 (1.11%) | |
| Marital status | 0.384 | |||
| Married | 100 (9.98%) | 59 (10.73%) | 41 (9.07%) | |
| Widowed/ divorced/ never married | 902 (90.02%) | 491 (89.27%) | 411 (90.93%) | |
| Residential type | 0.002 | |||
| Living together with families | 863 (86.13%) | 457 (83.09%) | 406 (89.82%) | |
| Living alone at home | 139 (13.87%) | 93 (16.91%) | 46 (10.18%) | |
| BMI categories | <0.001 | |||
| BMI <18.5kg/m2 | 575 (57.39%) | 286 (52.00%) | 289 (63.94%) | |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI <24 kg/m2 | 393 (39.22%) | 242 (44.00%) | 151 (33.41%) | |
| BMI≥24kg/m2 | 34 (3.39%) | 22 (4.00%) | 12 (2.65%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.794 | |||
| Non-smoker | 893 (89.12%) | 492 (89.45%) | 401 (88.72%) | |
| Former | 74 (7.39%) | 38 (6.91%) | 36 (7.96%) | |
| Current | 35 (3.49%) | 20 (3.64%) | 15 (3.32%) | |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.02 | |||
| Non-drinker | 824 (82.24%) | 444 (80.73%) | 380 (84.07%) | |
| Former | 79 (7.88%) | 39 (7.09%) | 40 (8.85%) | |
| Current | 99 (9.88%) | 67 (12.18%) | 32 (7.08%) | |
| Weekly exercise | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 129 (12.87%) | 119 (21.64%) | 10 (2.21%) | |
| No | 873 (87.13%) | 431 (78.36%) | 442 (97.79%) | |
| Comorbidity | 0.755 | |||
| Yes | 331 (33.03%) | 184 (33.45%) | 147 (32.52%) | |
| No | 671 (66.97%) | 366 (66.55%) | 305 (67.48%) |
HRQoL, health-related quality of life; EQ-5D, EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire; GDS-15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; Alb, serum albumin; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CRP, C-reactive protein; MnDD, minor depressive disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; BMI, body mass index.
a
Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD); non-normal continuous variables were expressed as median (interquartile range); categorical variables were presented by the percentage.
b
Differences between two groups were evaluated by t-test or chi-square test.
*
Differences between two groups were evaluated by Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Fisher's exact chi-square test.